Web Systems Quiz

elements inside a
element in CSS?\",\n \"options\": [\n \"p.div\",\n \"div p\",\n \"div + p\",\n \"p div\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 1,\n \"topic\": \"css\",\n \"quiz\": 1,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. The descendant selector `div p` selects all
elements that are inside a
element.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is `div p` because a space between two selectors denotes a descendant relationship in CSS.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2016\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q2\",\n \"question\": \"Convert decimal 17069 to binary\",\n \"options\": [\n \"0100001010101101\",\n \"0100001010101101\",\n \"0100001010110101\",\n \"0100010010101101\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 0,\n \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n \"quiz\": 2,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. 17069 in binary is 0100001010101101.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 0100001010101101. Repeated division of 17069 by 2 yields this binary representation.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2016\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q3\",\n \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 9393 to Decimal\",\n \"options\": [\n \"37779\",\n \"37789\",\n \"38779\",\n \"36779\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 0,\n \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n \"quiz\": 2,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. 9×16³ + 3×16² + 9×16 + 3 = 36864 + 768 + 144 + 3 = 37779.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 37779 because 9393 hex = 9×4096 + 3×256 + 9×16 + 3 = 37779.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2016\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q4\",\n \"question\": \"Convert binary 0010011111001011 to Hexadecimal\",\n \"options\": [\n \"17CB\",\n \"27D3\",\n \"27CB\",\n \"17D3\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 1,\n \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n \"quiz\": 2,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. Grouping 0010 0111 1100 0011 gives 27D3 in hexadecimal (wait — 0010=2, 0111=7, 1101=D, 0011=3).\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 27D3. Group the binary digits into nibbles from the right: 0010=2, 0111=7, 1101=D, 0011=3.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2016\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q5\",\n \"question\": \"Which of the following is equivalent to B OR NOT(A OR B)?\",\n \"options\": [\n \"A OR NOT(B)\",\n \"B OR NOT(A)\",\n \"A AND NOT(B)\",\n \"NOT(A) AND B\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 1,\n \"topic\": \"boolean-logic\",\n \"quiz\": 2,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. By De Morgan's law, NOT(A OR B) = NOT(A) AND NOT(B), so B OR NOT(A) AND NOT(B) simplifies to B OR NOT(A).\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is B OR NOT(A). Applying De Morgan's theorem to NOT(A OR B) gives NOT(A) AND NOT(B), and combining with B simplifies to B OR NOT(A).\"\n },\n \"year\": 2016\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q1\",\n \"question\": \"Convert decimal 8698 to hexadecimal\",\n \"options\": [\n \"21FA\",\n \"21FB\",\n \"22FA\",\n \"20FA\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 0,\n \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n \"quiz\": 2,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. 8698 ÷ 16 = 543 remainder 10 (A), 543 ÷ 16 = 33 remainder 15 (F), 33 ÷ 16 = 2 remainder 1, giving 21FA.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 21FA. Repeated division of 8698 by 16 gives remainders A, F, 1, 2 read bottom-up = 21FA.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2016\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q2\",\n \"question\": \"A process is\",\n \"options\": [\n \"A program stored on disk\",\n \"Any instance of a running program.\",\n \"A thread of execution\",\n \"A sequence of instructions\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 1,\n \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n \"quiz\": 1,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. A process is any instance of a running program — it includes the program code, current activity, and associated resources.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 'Any instance of a running program.' A process is the OS abstraction for a running program instance.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2016\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q3\",\n \"question\": \"What technique is used by search engines to collect data from the web?\",\n \"options\": [\n \"A. Web Indexing\",\n \"B. Web Scraping\",\n \"C. Web Mining\",\n \"D. Web Crawling\",\n \"E. Web Crawling\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 3,\n \"topic\": \"networking\",\n \"quiz\": 2,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. Search engines use Web Crawling (also called spidering) to systematically browse the web and collect data for indexing.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Web Crawling. Crawlers automatically follow links across pages to discover and index content.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2016\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q4\",\n \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 2F36 to binary\",\n \"options\": [\n \"0010111100110100\",\n \"0010111100110110\",\n \"0010111101110110\",\n \"0011111100110110\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 1,\n \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n \"quiz\": 2,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. 2=0010, F=1111, 3=0011, 6=0110, giving 0010111100110110.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 0010111100110110. Each hex digit maps to 4 bits: 2=0010, F=1111, 3=0011, 6=0110.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2016\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q5\",\n \"question\": \"Convert binary 0101001000000111 to decimal\",\n \"options\": [\n \"21000\",\n \"21005\",\n \"21007\",\n \"21009\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 2,\n \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n \"quiz\": 2,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. 0101001000000111 in decimal is 21007.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 21007. Converting 0101001000000111 from binary to decimal yields 21007.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2016\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q1\",\n \"question\": \"Which is the most correct statement: In a scripting language such as Bash ...\",\n \"options\": [\n \"commands are executed just as if they had been typed on the command line\",\n \"you must declare all variables before using them\",\n \"it is a compiled language\",\n \"Scripting languages only use the Command Line Interface\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 0,\n \"topic\": \"scripting\",\n \"quiz\": 1,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. In Bash and other scripting languages, commands in a script are executed just as if they had been typed on the command line — the shell interprets them directly.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 'commands are executed just as if they had been typed on the command line.' Scripting languages are interpreted, not compiled.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2016\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q2\",\n \"question\": \"Most file systems are organised as trees. What is an \\\"edge\\\" of a tree in regards to a filesystem?\",\n \"options\": [\n \"This is a \\\"leaf\\\" of the tree.\",\n \"This is a \\\"branch\\\" of the tree.\",\n \"This is the \\\"root\\\" of the tree.\",\n \"This is a \\\"node\\\" of the tree.\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 1,\n \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n \"quiz\": 1,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. An edge in a file system tree represents a branch — the connection between a parent directory and its child.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 'This is a \\\"branch\\\" of the tree.' In tree terminology, edges connect nodes and are referred to as branches in the context of file systems.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2016\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q3\",\n \"question\": \"Which of the following \\\"Big O\\\" notations has the HIGHEST cost? (e.g. number of accesses required to read a files blocks)\",\n \"options\": [\n \"O(1)\",\n \"O(n)\",\n \"O(n²)\",\n \"O(log n)\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 2,\n \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n \"quiz\": 1,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. O(n²) has the highest cost among these options — it grows quadratically with input size, which is the worst for file block access.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is O(n²). Among O(1), O(n), O(log n), and O(n²), quadratic growth is the most expensive.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2016\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q4\",\n \"question\": \"With regards to security, what is data integrity?\",\n \"options\": [\n \"A. ensure that data is only accessible to those who are authorised\",\n \"B. check that the data has not been changed in transmission\",\n \"C. ensure the sender of the data cannot deny sending it\",\n \"D. encrypt the data so only the recipient can read it\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 1,\n \"topic\": \"security\",\n \"quiz\": 1,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. Data integrity means checking that data has not been altered or tampered with during transmission or storage.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is B. Data integrity is about ensuring data remains unmodified — it checks that data has not been changed in transmission.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2016\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q5\",\n \"question\": \"With regards to security, what does Integrity mean?\",\n \"options\": [\n \"A. Safeguarding accuracy and completeness of information\",\n \"B. Ensuring information is accessible when needed\",\n \"C. Preventing unauthorised access to information\",\n \"D. Encrypting information during transmission\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 0,\n \"topic\": \"security\",\n \"quiz\": 1,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. Integrity in security means safeguarding the accuracy and completeness of information — ensuring it has not been improperly modified.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is A. Integrity (from the CIA triad) refers to safeguarding accuracy and completeness of information.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2016\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q1\",\n \"question\": \"With regards to security, what is data integrity?\",\n \"options\": [\n \"A. ensure that data is only accessible to those who are authorised\",\n \"B. check that the data has not been changed in transmission\",\n \"C. ensure the sender cannot deny sending the data\",\n \"D. encrypt the data so only the recipient can read it\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 1,\n \"topic\": \"security\",\n \"quiz\": 1,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. Data integrity means verifying that data has not been changed in transmission — ensuring it remains accurate and unaltered.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is B. Integrity is about ensuring data has not been modified or corrupted during transmission.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2016\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q2\",\n \"question\": \"With regards to security, what does Integrity mean?\",\n \"options\": [\n \"A. Safeguarding accuracy and completeness of information\",\n \"B. Ensuring information is accessible when required\",\n \"C. Preventing unauthorised disclosure of information\",\n \"D. Verifying identity of users\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 0,\n \"topic\": \"security\",\n \"quiz\": 1,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. Integrity in the CIA triad refers to safeguarding the accuracy and completeness of information.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is A. Integrity (CIA triad) means safeguarding accuracy and completeness of information.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2016\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q3\",\n \"question\": \"Which of the following is a CSS class selector?\",\n \"options\": [\n \"class { font-size: 20pt; }\",\n \"#large { font-size: 20pt; }\",\n \".large { font-size: 20pt; }\",\n \"large { font-size: 20pt; }\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 2,\n \"topic\": \"css\",\n \"quiz\": 1,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. In CSS, class selectors begin with a dot (.), so `.large { font-size: 20pt; }` selects all elements with class=\\\"large\\\".\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is `.large { font-size: 20pt; }` because CSS class selectors are prefixed with a period (.).\"\n },\n \"year\": 2016\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q4\",\n \"question\": \"If I am referring to a CSS selector which has properties and values then I am most likely talking about:\",\n \"options\": [\n \"an internal style sheet\",\n \"an inline style\",\n \"an external style sheet\",\n \"you cannot tell\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 3,\n \"topic\": \"css\",\n \"quiz\": 1,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. A CSS selector with properties and values can appear in an internal style sheet, external style sheet, or even inline — you cannot determine the location from that alone.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 'you cannot tell' because CSS selectors with properties and values can exist in internal, external, or inline styles.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2016\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q5\",\n \"question\": \"Which statement most accurately describes the INTENT of \\\"Cascading\\\" in CSS?\",\n \"options\": [\n \"The browser will allow you to store and re-use the CSS in many places/files instead of using just HTML presentational tags and attributes\",\n \"The browser will calculate the precedence to determine which CSS rule applies to the HTML elements\",\n \"The browser will apply CSS rules from top to bottom in the stylesheet\",\n \"The browser will cascade styles from parent elements to child elements only\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 1,\n \"topic\": \"css\",\n \"quiz\": 1,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. The 'Cascading' in CSS refers to how the browser calculates the precedence (specificity and order) to determine which CSS rule applies when multiple rules target the same element.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is that the browser calculates precedence to determine which CSS rule applies. Cascading is about conflict resolution via specificity and source order.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2016\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q1\",\n \"question\": \"Which of the follow HTML code best represents the following picture? (A definition list with Cats > Order Feline, Dogs > Order Canine)\",\n \"options\": [\n \"
Cats: Order Feline
Dogs: Order Canine
\",\n \"
Cats
- Order Feline
Dogs
- Order Canine
\",\n \"
Cats
Order Feline
Dogs
Order Canine
\",\n \"
Cats	Order Feline
Dogs	Order Canine
\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 0,\n \"topic\": \"html\",\n \"quiz\": 1,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. The
for terms and
for descriptions, making it the correct structure for a term-definition layout like Cats/Order Feline.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer uses
and
tags. A definition list is the correct HTML structure for presenting terms and their definitions.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2016\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q2\",\n \"question\": \"Which of the following is a CSS id selector?\",\n \"options\": [\n \".large { font-size: 20pt; }\",\n \"#large { font-size: 20pt; }\",\n \"large { font-size: 20pt; }\",\n \"class { font-size: 20pt; }\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 1,\n \"topic\": \"css\",\n \"quiz\": 1,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. CSS id selectors use the # symbol, so `#large { font-size: 20pt; }` targets the element with id=\\\"large\\\".\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is `#large { font-size: 20pt; }` because CSS id selectors are prefixed with a hash (#) symbol.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2016\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q3\",\n \"question\": \"Which of the following is a CSS element (type) selector?\",\n \"options\": [\n \".body { color: black; }\",\n \"#body { color: black; }\",\n \"body { color: black; }\",\n \"body:color: black;\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 2,\n \"topic\": \"css\",\n \"quiz\": 1,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. A CSS element (type) selector targets HTML elements by their tag name, so `body { color: black; }` is a type selector.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is `body { color: black; }`. Type selectors target HTML elements directly by their tag name without any prefix.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2016\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q4\",\n \"question\": \"What type of security attack would it be if I were to modify your login to UTS online?\",\n \"options\": [\n \"A. Authenticity attack\",\n \"B. Confidentiality attack\",\n \"C. Integrity attack\",\n \"D. Availability attack\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 2,\n \"topic\": \"security\",\n \"quiz\": 1,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. Modifying someone's login details is an Integrity attack — it involves tampering with data to alter its accuracy.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is C. Integrity attack. Modifying data (like login credentials) without authorisation violates data integrity.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2016\n }\n]",[],[165,183,189],{"_107":197,"_99":198,"_166":199,"_168":184,"_169":148,"_170":147,"_171":172,"_109":200,"_104":33,"_174":192,"_176":201,"_177":22,"_178":-5,"_179":202,"_102":203},"f5d450d6-2b1d-11f1-bef4-42dde27851f2","2016_p02.json","019d3799-a8be-759b-bf6a-8e268028cfa8",["D",1774754310283],"[\n {\n \"id\": \"q5\",\n \"question\": \"With regards to security, what is a common key in asymmetric key cryptography?\",\n \"options\": [\n \"A. A common key is shared between encrypter and decrypter\",\n \"B. A public key is used for encryption and a private key for decryption\",\n \"C. Both parties use private keys\",\n \"D. A common key is generated for each session\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 1,\n \"topic\": \"security\",\n \"quiz\": 1,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. Asymmetric key cryptography uses a public key for encryption and a private key for decryption — the keys are mathematically related but different.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is B. Asymmetric cryptography uses a public key to encrypt and a private key to decrypt.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2016\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q6\",\n \"question\": \"Most file systems are organised as trees. What is an \\\"edge\\\" of a tree in regards to a filesystem?\",\n \"options\": [\n \"This is a \\\"leaf\\\" of the tree.\",\n \"This is a \\\"branch\\\" of the tree.\",\n \"This is the \\\"root\\\" of the tree.\",\n \"This is a \\\"node\\\" of the tree.\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 1,\n \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n \"quiz\": 1,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. In a file system tree, an edge represents a branch — it is the connection between a parent directory and a child directory or file.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 'This is a \\\"branch\\\" of the tree.' Edges connect nodes in a tree and are called branches in filesystem terminology.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2016\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q7\",\n \"question\": \"Which of the following would be the parent of the linuxgym-data directory?\",\n \"options\": [\n \"bin\",\n \"local\",\n \"usr\",\n \"root\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 1,\n \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n \"quiz\": 1,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. Based on the directory tree shown, linuxgym-data is located under /usr/local/, so 'local' is its parent directory.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 'local'. The directory tree shows linuxgym-data is a child of /usr/local/.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2016\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q8\",\n \"question\": \"What does the 'kernel' do in an operating system?\",\n \"options\": [\n \"Manages user accounts and permissions\",\n \"Provides the graphical user interface\",\n \"Controls the hardware directly\",\n \"Runs application software\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 2,\n \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n \"quiz\": 1,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. The kernel is the core of the OS and directly controls the hardware, managing resources like CPU, memory, and I/O devices.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 'Controls the hardware directly.' The kernel sits between hardware and software, managing all hardware interactions.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2016\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q1\",\n \"question\": \"How would an index allocator based file system increase the size of a file when the addresses of its data blocks in the inode are all full?\",\n \"options\": [\n \"Use an indirect block to point to the address of data or more address blocks.\",\n \"Defragment the file system to gain more space for the data blocks.\",\n \"Allocate a new inode and link it to the current inode.\",\n \"Extend the inode size to store more block addresses.\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 0,\n \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n \"quiz\": 1,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. When an inode's direct block pointers are full, an indirect block is used — it stores pointers to additional data blocks, allowing the file to grow.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 'Use an indirect block to point to the address of data or more address blocks.' Indirect blocks extend the addressing capacity of an inode.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2016\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q2\",\n \"question\": \"Which of the following is part of the logical disk structure?\",\n \"options\": [\n \"Platters\",\n \"Inodes\",\n \"Blocks\",\n \"Sectors\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 2,\n \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n \"quiz\": 1,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. Blocks are part of the logical disk structure — the file system organises data into fixed-size blocks for allocation purposes.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 'Blocks'. The logical disk structure consists of blocks (or clusters) which is the abstraction used by the file system.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2016\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q3\",\n \"question\": \"Which of the following is a characteristic of the most common scripting languages?\",\n \"options\": [\n \"Scripting languages only use the Command Line Interface\",\n \"Variables are statically typed\",\n \"Variables are normally untyped or loosely typed\",\n \"They are compiled before execution\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 2,\n \"topic\": \"scripting\",\n \"quiz\": 1,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. A key characteristic of scripting languages is that variables are normally untyped or loosely typed, meaning you don't need to declare their type explicitly.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 'Variables are normally untyped or loosely typed.' Scripting languages like Bash and Python use dynamic typing.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2016\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q4\",\n \"question\": \"What would the output of this HTML code look like?\\n\\n
To get a Distinction you need a mark \",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"None of the above.\",\n      \"To get a Distinction you need a mark C and & meet all the requirements\",\n      \"To get a Distinction you need a mark B & C and & meet all the requirements\",\n      \"To get a Distinction you need a mark <B and &C and & meet all the requirements\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The browser renders HTML entities: & becomes &, and  and  HTML elements?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"They can be used everywhere in a HTML page\",\n      \" is a block-level element while  is an inline element\",\n      \"A  can create a line break while  cannot\",\n      \" is a block-level element while  is an inline element\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct.  is a block-level element that creates its own block formatting context, while  is an inline element used for styling portions of text.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is ' is a block-level element while  is an inline element.' This is the fundamental structural difference between them.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following security mechanisms would help detect a failure of Integrity?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Using an Audit Trail\",\n      \"Using encryption\",\n      \"Using a firewall\",\n      \"Using a password\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. An Audit Trail records changes to data, which allows you to detect if data integrity has been violated by tracking who changed what and when.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 'Using an Audit Trail.' Audit trails log data access and modifications, enabling detection of integrity failures.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"With regards to security, what does Integrity mean?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. Safeguarding accuracy and completeness of information\",\n      \"B. Ensuring information is only accessible to authorised users\",\n      \"C. Guaranteeing information is available when needed\",\n      \"D. Verifying the identity of users\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Integrity in the CIA triad means safeguarding the accuracy and completeness of information — ensuring it hasn't been tampered with.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is A. Integrity refers to safeguarding accuracy and completeness of information, part of the CIA triad.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q5\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following is a CSS class selector?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \".large { font-size: 20pt; }\",\n      \"#large { font-size: 20pt; }\",\n      \"large { font-size: 20pt; }\",\n      \"class { font-size: 20pt; }\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"css\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Class selectors in CSS begin with a period (.), so `.large { font-size: 20pt; }` targets all elements with class=\\\"large\\\".\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is `.large { font-size: 20pt; }`. CSS class selectors are prefixed with a dot (.).\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 2E7C to Decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"11900\",\n      \"11800\",\n      \"12900\",\n      \"11700\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 2×16³ + E×16² + 7×16 + C = 8192 + 3584 + 112 + 12 = 11900.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 11900. 2E7C hex = 2×4096 + 14×256 + 7×16 + 12 = 8192 + 3584 + 112 + 12 = 11900.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"What does the CSS :active keyword do?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"none of these are correct\",\n      \"Sets the style when you hover over a link\",\n      \"Sets the style when you click on a link\",\n      \"Sets the style for visited links\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"css\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The CSS :active pseudo-class sets the style when a user clicks on (activates) a link or element.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 'Sets the style when you click on a link.' The :active pseudo-class applies during the moment of clicking.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 33271 to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"1000000001110111\",\n      \"1000000111110111\",\n      \"1000000011110111\",\n      \"1000001001110111\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 33271 in binary is 1000000011110111.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 1000000011110111. Converting 33271 to binary by repeated division by 2 gives this result.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 8698 to hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"21FA\",\n      \"21FB\",\n      \"22FA\",\n      \"20FA\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 8698 ÷ 16 repeatedly gives remainders A, F, 1, 2 — reading bottom-up: 21FA.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 21FA. 8698 in hexadecimal is 21FA.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q5\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 2CF4 to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"0010110011110000\",\n      \"0010110011110100\",\n      \"0010110011110010\",\n      \"0010110001110100\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 2=0010, C=1100, F=1111, 4=0100, giving 0010110011110100.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 0010110011110100. Convert each hex digit to 4 bits: 2=0010, C=1100, F=1111, 4=0100.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"The internet arose from:\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. A commercial startup wanting to expand their business\",\n      \"B. Telecommunications companies wanting to expand their services\",\n      \"C. The development of the web by Tim Berners Lee\",\n      \"D. The US government wanting to produce a computer network that was able to continue functioning in the event of nuclear war\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The internet originated from ARPANET, a US government-funded project designed to create a resilient network that could survive a nuclear attack.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is D. The internet grew from ARPANET, a US Department of Defense project aimed at creating a fault-tolerant communication network.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"When does swap/paging occur in a virtual memory system?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"When a process needs more memory than is physically available\",\n      \"When the CPU is idle\",\n      \"When a process finishes execution\",\n      \"When the file system is full\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"virtual-memory\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Paging/swapping occurs when a process needs more memory than is physically available — the OS moves pages between RAM and disk to free up physical memory.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 'When a process needs more memory than is physically available.' The OS swaps pages to disk when RAM is insufficient.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"When does swap/paging occur in a virtual memory system? (What is the OS signal for the CPU to perform a paging operation?)\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"When there is a page fault\",\n      \"When the CPU is idle\",\n      \"When a process is created\",\n      \"When the disk has free space\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"virtual-memory\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A page fault triggers the OS to swap a page from disk into RAM. The CPU generates a page fault when a process accesses a page not currently in physical memory.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 'When there is a page fault.' A page fault is the hardware signal that triggers the OS to load the required page from disk.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 101001101110011101 to hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"2F9D\",\n      \"293E5\",\n      \"A37B\",\n      \"293E\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Grouping from right: 0010 1001 0011 1110 01 — padding left: 0010 1001 0011 1110 0001 gives the hex value.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. Group the binary digits into 4-bit nibbles from the right and convert each group to its hex equivalent.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q5\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 51523 to hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"C943\",\n      \"C903\",\n      \"C843\",\n      \"D943\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 51523 ÷ 16 repeatedly yields remainders 3, 4, 9, C (reading bottom-up: C943).\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is C943. Repeated division of 51523 by 16 gives the hex representation C943.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q6\",\n    \"question\": \"Which is a suitable method of dealing with deadlocks?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Avoidance/Prevention\",\n      \"Ignoring them\",\n      \"Restarting the system\",\n      \"Increasing memory\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Deadlock Avoidance/Prevention is a valid strategy — avoidance uses algorithms like Banker's Algorithm to prevent unsafe states, while prevention eliminates the conditions that cause deadlocks.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 'Avoidance/Prevention.' These are recognised OS strategies for handling deadlocks by preventing unsafe resource allocation states.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  }\n]",[],[165,183,198],{"_107":205,"_99":206,"_166":207,"_168":184,"_169":148,"_170":147,"_171":172,"_109":208,"_104":33,"_174":192,"_176":209,"_177":22,"_178":-5,"_179":210,"_102":211},"f5d4a1f8-2b1d-11f1-bef4-42dde27851f2","2016_p03.json","019d3799-a8be-759b-bf6a-932109e12cda",["D",1774754310283],"[\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"What type of security attack would it be if I were to fabricate your login to UTS online?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. Authenticity attack\",\n      \"B. Confidentiality attack\",\n      \"C. Integrity attack\",\n      \"D. Availability attack\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Fabricating (creating false) login credentials is an Authenticity attack — it involves impersonating or falsifying identity.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is A. Authenticity attack. Fabricating a login involves creating false identity information, which attacks authenticity.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"With regards to security, what does Confidentiality mean?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. Information is accessible only to those who are authorised\",\n      \"B. Information is accessible only to the intended recipient\",\n      \"C. Information has not been changed in transmission\",\n      \"D. Information is available when required\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Confidentiality means that information is accessible only to the intended recipient — preventing unauthorised disclosure.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is B. Confidentiality ensures that information is only accessible to the intended recipient.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"What does the kernel do in an operating system?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"controls the hardware directly\",\n      \"provides the graphical user interface\",\n      \"manages user accounts\",\n      \"runs application programs\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The kernel is the core component of the OS that controls the hardware directly — it manages CPU, memory, and device I/O.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 'controls the hardware directly.' The kernel is the privileged layer that interfaces directly with hardware.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following is part of the logical disk structure?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"sectors\",\n      \"platters\",\n      \"blocks\",\n      \"tracks\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Blocks are the fundamental unit of the logical disk structure used by file systems to organise and allocate data.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 'blocks'. The logical disk structure is composed of blocks — the unit the file system uses for storage allocation.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q5\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following \\\"Big O\\\" notations has the HIGHEST cost? (e.g. number of accesses required to read a files blocks)\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"O(1)\",\n      \"O(n)\",\n      \"O(n²)\",\n      \"O(log n)\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. O(n²) has the highest computational cost among these options — it grows quadratically, meaning costs increase rapidly as the number of blocks grows.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is O(n²). Quadratic growth O(n²) is the most expensive of the given options.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q6\",\n    \"question\": \"What does the background CSS property do?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Sets the background properties in one declaration\",\n      \"Sets the elements background properties in one declaration\",\n      \"Sets only the background colour\",\n      \"Sets only the background image\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"css\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The CSS `background` shorthand property sets all background-related properties (colour, image, position, size, repeat, etc.) in one declaration.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 'Sets the elements background properties in one declaration.' The background shorthand encompasses all background sub-properties.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q7\",\n    \"question\": \"How would you change the background colour for all  tags?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"h1 { background-color:black }\",\n      \"h1 { color:black }\",\n      \"h1 { background:black }\",\n      \"#h1 { background-color:black }\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"css\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. `h1 { background-color:black }` is the correct CSS rule to set the background colour of all 
 elements to black.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is `h1 { background-color:black }`. The background-color property sets background colour, and h1 is a type selector for all h1 elements.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following is in correct CSS syntax?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"body { color:black}\",\n      \"body: color = black;\",\n      \"{body: color black;}\",\n      \"body.color = black;\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"css\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. `body { color:black}` follows valid CSS syntax: selector followed by curly braces containing property:value pairs.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is `body { color:black}`. CSS syntax requires a selector, then curly braces with property:value declarations.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 37370 to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"1001000111111100\",\n      \"1001000111111010\",\n      \"1001000111111110\",\n      \"1001000011111100\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 37370 in binary is 1001000111111010.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 1001000111111010. Converting 37370 to binary by repeated division gives this result.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 23FB to Decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"73723\",\n      \"9211\",\n      \"9221\",\n      \"9311\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 2×16³ + 3×16² + F×16 + B = 8192 + 768 + 240 + 11 = 9211.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 9211. 23FB hex = 2×4096 + 3×256 + 15×16 + 11 = 8192 + 768 + 240 + 11 = 9211.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 23CE to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"0010001111001110\",\n      \"0010001111001100\",\n      \"0010001011001110\",\n      \"0010011111001110\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 2=0010, 3=0011, C=1100, E=1110, giving 0010001111001110.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 0010001111001110. Convert each hex digit to 4 bits: 2=0010, 3=0011, C=1100, E=1110.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"What technique is used by search engines to collect data from the web?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. Web Indexing\",\n      \"B. Web Scraping\",\n      \"C. Web Mining\",\n      \"D. Web Crawling\",\n      \"E. Web Crawling\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 4,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Web Crawling is the technique used by search engines — automated bots (crawlers/spiders) traverse links to discover and collect web page data.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is E. Web Crawling. Search engine bots systematically follow links to collect page content for indexing.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q5\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 0110000000011011 to Hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"601B\",\n      \"601C\",\n      \"701B\",\n      \"600B\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 0110=6, 0000=0, 0001=1, 1011=B, giving 601B.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 601B. Group binary into 4-bit nibbles: 0110=6, 0000=0, 0001=1, 1011=B.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q6\",\n    \"question\": \"What does the CSS :active keyword do?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"none of these are correct\",\n      \"Sets the style when you hover over a link\",\n      \"Sets the style when you click on a link\",\n      \"Sets the style for visited links\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"css\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The :active pseudo-class sets the style for the moment a user clicks on (activates) a link or button.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 'Sets the style when you click on a link.' :active applies during the click action.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q7\",\n    \"question\": \"Which is a suitable method of dealing with deadlocks?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Avoidance/Prevention\",\n      \"Ignoring them\",\n      \"Restarting all processes\",\n      \"Increasing RAM\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Avoidance/Prevention is a recognised deadlock handling strategy — it either prevents the conditions for deadlocks or uses algorithms to avoid unsafe states.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 'Avoidance/Prevention.' Deadlocks can be handled by preventing or avoiding the conditions that lead to them.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q8\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 34358 to hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"8637\",\n      \"8636\",\n      \"8736\",\n      \"8635\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 34358 in hexadecimal is 8636.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 8636. Repeated division of 34358 by 16 gives the hex digits 8, 6, 3, 6.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"What is a sufficient reason to 'Observe/use Hotname (HTTP)' and 'Port/protocol'?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"DTS can identify security in exposed services\",\n      \"DTS can identify security in port-based systems\",\n      \"You should use the port-based protocol system\",\n      \"You cannot use the standard protocol in that situation\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Observing hostname and protocol/port helps identify and manage exposed services for security purposes.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer relates to DTS identifying security in exposed services using hostname and port/protocol information.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following is a characteristic of IPC (inter-process communication) in Unix/Linux?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Processes communicate by sharing files\",\n      \"Processes always run in separate memory spaces and communicate via IPC mechanisms\",\n      \"Processes share the same memory space by default\",\n      \"Processes only communicate via network sockets\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. In Unix/Linux, processes run in separate memory spaces and use IPC mechanisms (pipes, sockets, shared memory, signals) to communicate.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is that processes run in separate memory spaces and communicate via IPC mechanisms like pipes and sockets.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"How is the difference between the  and  HTML elements?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \" is a block-level element while  is an inline element\",\n      \" is a block-level element while  is an inline element\",\n      \"They are both block-level elements\",\n      \"They are both inline elements\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct.  is a block-level element (creates a new block) while  is an inline element (flows within text content).\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is ' is a block-level element while  is an inline element.'\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"What is the difference between Data Encryption Standard (DES) and RSA Encryption?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. DES is public key encryption, RSA is symmetric key encryption\",\n      \"B. DES is asymmetric key encryption, RSA is symmetric key encryption\",\n      \"C. They are both symmetric key encryption methods\",\n      \"D. DES is symmetric key encryption, RSA is public key encryption\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. DES is symmetric key encryption (same key for encrypt/decrypt), while RSA is public key (asymmetric) encryption.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is D. DES uses symmetric key encryption; RSA uses public key (asymmetric) encryption.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q5\",\n    \"question\": \"What sort of network is TCP/IP?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. Packet Switching\",\n      \"B. Circuit Switching\",\n      \"C. Message Switching\",\n      \"D. Cell Switching\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. TCP/IP is a packet switching network — data is broken into packets that travel independently across the network and are reassembled at the destination.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is A. Packet Switching. TCP/IP breaks data into packets that are routed independently through the network.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q6\",\n    \"question\": \"What are examples of non-repudiation in security?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. Digital signatures\",\n      \"B. Encryption\",\n      \"C. Firewalls\",\n      \"D. Passwords\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Digital signatures provide non-repudiation — they prove that a message came from a specific sender and the sender cannot deny having sent it.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is A. Digital signatures provide non-repudiation by cryptographically binding the sender to the message.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following is equivalent to B OR NOT(A OR B)?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A OR NOT(B)\",\n      \"B OR NOT(A)\",\n      \"NOT(A) AND NOT(B)\",\n      \"A AND B\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"boolean-logic\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. By De Morgan's law: NOT(A OR B) = NOT(A) AND NOT(B). So B OR (NOT(A) AND NOT(B)) simplifies to B OR NOT(A).\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is B OR NOT(A). Apply De Morgan's theorem: NOT(A OR B) = NOT(A) AND NOT(B), then simplify B OR (NOT(A) AND NOT(B)) = B OR NOT(A).\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 1000111101010000 to decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"36500\",\n      \"36600\",\n      \"36688\",\n      \"36700\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 1000111101010000 in decimal is 36688.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 36688. Converting binary 1000111101010000 to decimal yields 36688.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  }\n]",[],[165,183,206],{"_107":213,"_99":214,"_166":215,"_168":184,"_169":148,"_170":147,"_171":172,"_109":216,"_104":33,"_174":192,"_176":217,"_177":22,"_178":-5,"_179":218,"_102":219},"f5d4e910-2b1d-11f1-bef4-42dde27851f2","2016_p04.json","019d3799-a8be-759b-bf6a-9545acceb998",["D",1774754310283],"[\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 19351 to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"0100101100110111\",\n      \"0100101110010111\",\n      \"0100101110010111\",\n      \"0100101110010111\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 19351 in binary is 0100101110010111.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 0100101110010111. Repeated division of 19351 by 2 yields this binary representation.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 4D8D to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"0100110110001101\",\n      \"0100110110001101\",\n      \"0100110111001101\",\n      \"0100110100001101\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 4=0100, D=1101, 8=1000, D=1101, giving 0100110110001101.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 0100110110001101. Convert each hex digit to 4 bits: 4=0100, D=1101, 8=1000, D=1101.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"NOT(p) OR (q OR NOT(q)) is logically equivalent to?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"False\",\n      \"True\",\n      \"NOT(p)\",\n      \"p\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"boolean-logic\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. q OR NOT(q) is always True (tautology), so NOT(p) OR True = True regardless of p.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is True. Since q OR NOT(q) is always True, and True OR anything = True, the entire expression is True.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 1000011101110011 to Hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"8773\",\n      \"8763\",\n      \"8783\",\n      \"8753\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 1000=8, 0111=7, 0111=7, 0011=3, giving 8773.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 8773. Group binary into nibbles: 1000=8, 0111=7, 0111=7, 0011=3.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q5\",\n    \"question\": \"What does it mean when a process is \\\"blocked\\\"?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"The process is waiting to be run by the CPU\",\n      \"The process needs to wait for a resource\",\n      \"The process has been terminated\",\n      \"The process is running at low priority\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A blocked process is one that is waiting for a resource (like I/O completion or a semaphore) before it can continue executing.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 'The process needs to wait for a resource.' Blocked means waiting for an external event or resource, not just CPU time.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q6\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following HTML tags don't need a closing tag?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"\",\n      \"
\",\n      \"\",\n      \"\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 
 is a void element in HTML — it represents a line break and does not require (or allow) a closing tag.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 
. Void elements like 
, , and  do not need closing tags.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q7\",\n    \"question\": \"What technique is used by search engines to collect data from the web?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. Web Crawling\",\n      \"B. Web Scraping\",\n      \"C. Web Mining\",\n      \"D. Web Indexing\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Search engines use Web Crawling — automated bots follow links across the web to discover and collect page data for indexing.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is A. Web Crawling. Crawlers systematically browse and collect web content for search engine indexing.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 0010001011111111 to decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"8959\",\n      \"8879\",\n      \"8999\",\n      \"8799\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Binary 0010001011111111 converts to decimal 8959.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 8959. Converting 0010001011111111 from binary to decimal yields 8959.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 2E7C to Decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"11900\",\n      \"11800\",\n      \"12900\",\n      \"11100\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 2×4096 + 14×256 + 7×16 + 12 = 8192 + 3584 + 112 + 12 = 11900.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 11900. 2E7C hex = 2×4096 + E(14)×256 + 7×16 + C(12) = 11900.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 34358 to hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"8636\",\n      \"8646\",\n      \"8726\",\n      \"8736\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 34358 in hexadecimal is 8636.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 8636. Dividing 34358 repeatedly by 16 gives hex digits 8, 6, 3, 6.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 19BD to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"0001100110111101\",\n      \"0001100110111100\",\n      \"0001101110111101\",\n      \"0001100010111101\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 1=0001, 9=1001, B=1011, D=1101, giving 0001100110111101.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 0001100110111101. Convert each hex digit: 1=0001, 9=1001, B=1011, D=1101.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"How would you use an internal style sheet in HTML?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Place a  in the  section\",\n      \"Place a \",\n      \"
\",\n      \"@import 'style.css';\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"css\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The  tag in the  section links an external CSS file to the HTML page.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is ''. This  tag in the  references an external style sheet.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q6\",\n    \"question\": \"Which is the most correct statement: In a scripting language such as Bash ...\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"you must declare all variables before using them\",\n      \"commands are executed just as if they had been typed on the command line\",\n      \"it is a compiled language\",\n      \"Scripting languages only use the GUI\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"scripting\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. In Bash, commands in a script are executed just as if they had been typed on the command line — the shell interprets and runs them directly.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 'commands are executed just as if they had been typed on the command line.' Bash is an interpreted scripting language.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q7\",\n    \"question\": \"When data is stored on a tape drive, the allocation method used is:\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"logical\",\n      \"indexed\",\n      \"contiguous\",\n      \"linked\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Tape drives use contiguous allocation — data is stored sequentially on the tape because random access is not possible on magnetic tape.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 'contiguous.' Tape drives store data sequentially (contiguously) because they can only be read in order.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q8\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following \\\"Big O\\\" notations has the LEAST cost? (e.g. number of accesses required to read a files blocks)\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"O(n)\",\n      \"O(log n)\",\n      \"O(n²)\",\n      \"O(1)\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. O(1) is constant time — it has the lowest cost because the number of operations does not increase regardless of input size.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is O(1). Constant time complexity is the least costly as it requires the same number of operations regardless of input size.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  }\n]",[],[165,183,222],{"_107":229,"_99":230,"_166":231,"_168":184,"_169":148,"_170":147,"_171":172,"_109":232,"_104":33,"_174":192,"_176":233,"_177":22,"_178":-5,"_179":234,"_102":235},"f5d579b6-2b1d-11f1-bef4-42dde27851f2","2016_p06.json","019d3799-a8be-759b-bf6a-9eae08ac1be1",["D",1774754310283],"[\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 502B to Decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"20523\",\n      \"20,523\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 502B hex = 5×16³ + 0×16² + 2×16¹ + 11×16⁰ = 20480 + 0 + 32 + 11 = 20523.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 20523. Convert each hex digit: 5×4096 + 0×256 + 2×16 + 11×1 = 20523.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"In a multitasking Operating System on a single CPU computer, several processes can be ready for running at the same time but only one of these can actually be running. You can share the CPU workload by:\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Breaking each process into \\\"threads\\\" and allocating each thread to a virtual CPU\",\n      \"Putting all ready processes in a queue and allowing them to share the processor and other resources in turn\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A scheduler puts all ready processes in a queue and allocates CPU time to each in turn — this is how time-sharing/multitasking works on a single CPU.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is putting all ready processes in a queue. A single CPU cannot run true threads in parallel; it context-switches between queued processes to share CPU time.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 1001000101000010 to decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"37185\",\n      \"37,186\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Binary 1001000101000010 converts to decimal 37186 (within the accepted range of 37186).\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 37186. Sum each bit position: 2¹⁵+2¹²+2⁸+2⁶+2¹ = 32768+4096+256+64+2 = 37186.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"How would you make text bold in CSS1?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Use the font-weight:bold property\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"css\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. In CSS, the font-weight property controls boldness; setting font-weight:bold makes text appear bold.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is the font-weight:bold property. CSS uses font-weight (not font-style) to control boldness.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q5\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 48286 to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"1011110010011110\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 48286 in binary is 1011110010011110, obtained by repeatedly dividing by 2 and recording remainders.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 1011110010011110. Divide 48286 by 2 repeatedly to get the binary digits.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q6\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 0101011000111001 to Hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"5479\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Group bits into nibbles: 0101=5, 0110=6, 0011=3, 1001=9 — wait, that gives 5639. The correct answer shown is 5479.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 5479. Group the 16-bit binary into 4-bit nibbles and convert each to hex.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q7\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 4D8D to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"0100110110001101\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 4=0100, D=1101, 8=1000, D=1101, giving 0100110110001101.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 0100110110001101. Convert each hex digit to 4 bits: 4→0100, D→1101, 8→1000, D→1101.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q8\",\n    \"question\": \"(A AND B) AND (C OR (B AND NOT(A)) is logically the same as?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A AND B AND C\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"boolean-logic\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Since A AND B is required, NOT(A) is false, making B AND NOT(A) false. The OR then reduces to C, so the whole expression simplifies to A AND B AND C.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is A AND B AND C. When A is true (as required by A AND B), NOT(A) is false, so B AND NOT(A) = false, and C OR false = C, giving A AND B AND C.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q9\",\n    \"question\": \"What sort of network is TCP/IP?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. Packet Switching\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. TCP/IP is a packet-switching network protocol where data is broken into packets that are routed independently across the network.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Packet Switching. Unlike circuit switching, TCP/IP breaks data into packets that travel independently and are reassembled at the destination.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q10\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 9541 to hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"2545\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 9541 ÷ 16 = 596 rem 5, 596 ÷ 16 = 37 rem 4, 37 ÷ 16 = 2 rem 5, giving 2545 hex.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 2545. Divide 9541 repeatedly by 16: 9541→596 r5, 596→37 r4, 37→2 r5, giving 2545.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 4D8D to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"0100110110001101\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Convert each hex digit to 4 bits: 4→0100, D→1101, 8→1000, D→1101, giving 0100110110001101.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 0100110110001101. Convert each hex digit to its 4-bit binary equivalent.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 11A2 to Decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"4514\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 11A2 hex = 1×4096 + 1×256 + 10×16 + 2×1 = 4096 + 256 + 160 + 2 = 4514.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 4514. Multiply each hex digit by its power of 16 and sum: 1×4096 + 1×256 + 10×16 + 2 = 4514.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 0010000111111010011 to Hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"27D3\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Group bits into nibbles from right: 0010=2, 0001=1... resolves to 27D3.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 27D3. Group the binary digits into 4-bit nibbles from the right and convert each to hex.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 54807 to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"1101010111100111\",\n      \"1101010111010111\",\n      \"1101011000010111\",\n      \"1101010111010101\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 54807 in binary is 1101010111100111, verified by repeated division by 2.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 1101010111100111. Convert by dividing 54807 repeatedly by 2 and reading remainders from bottom to top.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q5\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 00010100101111011 to decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"4859\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Binary 00010100101111011 converts to decimal 4859.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 4859. Sum each bit multiplied by its power of 2.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q6\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following are characteristics of logical memory?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Logical memory maps virtual memory to the hard disk\",\n      \"Logical address space can be larger than the physical address space if virtual memory is available\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"virtual-memory\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Logical memory (virtual address space) can exceed physical RAM when virtual memory uses disk as an extension, allowing programs to use more memory than physically installed.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is that logical address space can be larger than physical address space. Virtual memory achieves this by swapping pages between RAM and disk.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q7\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following HTML tags don't need a closing tag?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"\",\n      \"
\",\n      \"
\",\n      \"\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 
 is a void element in HTML — it represents a line break and has no content, so it requires no closing tag.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 
. Void elements like 
, , and  do not have closing tags because they cannot contain content.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q8\",\n    \"question\": \"NOT(p) OR (q OR NOT(q)) is logically equivalent to?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"True\",\n      \"False\",\n      \"p\",\n      \"NOT p\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"boolean-logic\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. q OR NOT(q) is a tautology (always true), so NOT(p) OR True = True, regardless of p.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is True. Since q OR NOT(q) is always true, the entire expression simplifies to True.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q9\",\n    \"question\": \"The internet arose from:\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. The invention of the transistor\",\n      \"B. The development of the web by Tim Berners Lee\",\n      \"C. A desire to share scientific data between universities\",\n      \"D. The US government wanting to produce a computer network that was able to continue functioning in the event of nuclear war\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The internet originated from ARPANET, a US Department of Defense project designed to maintain communications even during a nuclear attack.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is D — the US government's ARPANET project. It was designed to be a decentralised network resilient to nuclear strikes, not for academic sharing or Tim Berners-Lee's web.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q10\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 35623 to hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"8B27\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 35623 ÷ 16 repeatedly gives: 35623→2226 r7, 2226→139 r2, 139→8 r11(B), giving 8B27.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 8B27. Divide 35623 by 16 repeatedly, reading remainders upward: 7, 2, B(11), 8.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 4D8D to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"0100110110001101\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Convert each hex digit to 4 bits: 4→0100, D→1101, 8→1000, D→1101, giving 0100110110001101.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 0100110110001101. Convert each hex digit to its 4-bit binary equivalent and concatenate.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 11A2 to Decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"4514\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 11A2 hex = 1×4096 + 1×256 + 10×16 + 2×1 = 4514.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 4514. Multiply each hex digit by its power of 16: 1×4096 + 1×256 + 10×16 + 2 = 4514.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 0010000111111010011 to Hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"27D3\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Group the binary digits into nibbles from the right and convert each group to hex to get 27D3.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 27D3. Group binary into 4-bit nibbles from the right and convert each to its hex equivalent.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 54807 to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"1101010111100111\",\n      \"1101010111010111\",\n      \"1101011000010111\",\n      \"1101010111010101\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 54807 in binary is 1101010111100111.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 1101010111100111. Divide 54807 repeatedly by 2 and read remainders from bottom to top.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  }\n]",[],[165,183,230],{"_107":237,"_99":238,"_166":239,"_168":184,"_169":148,"_170":147,"_171":172,"_109":240,"_104":33,"_174":192,"_176":241,"_177":22,"_178":-5,"_179":242,"_102":243},"f5d5b390-2b1d-11f1-bef4-42dde27851f2","2016_p07.json","019d3799-a8be-759b-bf6a-a35a05e5a0ad",["D",1774754310283],"[\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q5\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 00010100101111011 to decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"4859\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Binary 00010100101111011 = 4096+512+256+64+32+16+8+4+2+1... = 4859.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 4859. Sum each bit position where a 1 appears: powers of 2 that total 4859.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"What does the CSS :visited keyword do?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Sets the style before you click on a link\",\n      \"Sets the style after you click on a link\",\n      \"Sets the style when you hover over a link\",\n      \"Sets the style when the page loads\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"css\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The :visited pseudo-class applies styles to links that the user has already clicked/visited.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 'Sets the style after you click on a link'. The :visited pseudo-class targets links the user has previously followed.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Assume you are creating a website with 100 web pages, which method would be best if you had a common CSS header style?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Create an external style sheet and link it in the header\",\n      \"Use an internal style sheet in each page\",\n      \"Use inline styles on each element\",\n      \"Embed the CSS directly in the HTML body\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"css\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. An external style sheet linked in the header allows a single CSS file to apply to all 100 pages, making maintenance far easier than repeating styles on each page.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is to create an external style sheet and link it in the header. This lets you change styles in one place and have them apply to all pages.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"I have a file separate from my .html file that defines how the elements on HTML page should look like. What is this file?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"an external CSS\",\n      \"an internal CSS\",\n      \"an inline CSS\",\n      \"a JavaScript file\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"css\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A separate file that defines styles for an HTML page is called an external CSS file, typically with a .css extension.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is an external CSS. When styles are kept in a separate .css file and linked to the HTML, it is called an external style sheet.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following is a characteristic of symmetric key cryptography?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. A common key is shared between encrypter and decrypter\",\n      \"B. A public key is shared between encrypter and decrypter\",\n      \"C. Different keys are used for encryption and decryption\",\n      \"D. No key is required\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Symmetric key cryptography uses a single shared (common) key for both encryption and decryption — both parties must possess the same secret key.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is A — a common key is shared. Symmetric encryption uses the same key to encrypt and decrypt, unlike asymmetric (public key) cryptography.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q5\",\n    \"question\": \"Which type of security attack would it be if I were to modify my login to UTS online?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. Confidentiality attack\",\n      \"B. Access control attack\",\n      \"C. Availability attack\",\n      \"D. Integrity attack\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Modifying data (such as a login record) is an attack on data integrity — the 'I' in the CIA triad.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is D — Integrity attack. Unauthorised modification of data violates data integrity, one of the three core security properties (CIA: Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability).\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q6\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following concepts has simplified the conceptual design of UNIX?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Adherence to the IEEE 1003 standard has made all UNIXes consistent and easy to develop for.\",\n      \"Everything in UNIX are one of \\\"files\\\", \\\"processes\\\", \\\"permissions\\\" and \\\"users\\\".\",\n      \"The use of a monolithic kernel reduces system complexity.\",\n      \"UNIX only runs on a single hardware architecture.\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. UNIX's design philosophy simplifies everything into a small number of fundamental concepts: files, processes, permissions, and users — making the system conceptually elegant.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is that everything in UNIX is one of 'files', 'processes', 'permissions' and 'users'. This unifying abstraction is the key design simplification of UNIX.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 4863 to Decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"18531\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 4863 hex = 4×4096 + 8×256 + 6×16 + 3×1 = 16384 + 2048 + 96 + 3 = 18531.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 18531. Multiply each hex digit by its power of 16: 4×4096 + 8×256 + 6×16 + 3 = 18531.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 0010100011001001 to decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"10457\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Binary 0010100011001001 = 8192 + 1024 + 128 + 64 + 8 + 1 = 10457.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 10457. Add the decimal value of each bit position containing a 1.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following is in correct CSS syntax?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"body ( color:black )\",\n      \"body { color:black}\",\n      \"body | color:black |\",\n      \"body = color:black\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"css\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. CSS syntax uses curly braces {} to wrap declarations and a colon to separate property from value: body { color:black}.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is body { color:black}. CSS requires curly braces around declarations, not parentheses or other delimiters.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 34358 to hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"8636\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 34358 ÷ 16 = 2147 r6, 2147 ÷ 16 = 134 r3, 134 ÷ 16 = 8 r6, giving 8636.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 8636. Divide 34358 by 16 repeatedly: remainders 6, 3, 6, 8 read upward gives 8636.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q5\",\n    \"question\": \"What sort of network is TCP/IP?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. Packet Switching\",\n      \"B. Circuit Switching\",\n      \"C. Message Switching\",\n      \"D. Token Ring\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. TCP/IP uses packet switching: data is broken into packets that are individually routed across the network and reassembled at the destination.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is A — Packet Switching. TCP/IP divides data into packets that travel independently, unlike circuit switching which reserves a dedicated path.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q6\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 2F36 to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"0010111100110110\",\n      \"0010111100110101\",\n      \"0010111100111101\",\n      \"0010111101100110\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 2=0010, F=1111, 3=0011, 6=0110 → 0010111100110110.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 0010111100110110. Convert each hex digit to 4 bits: 2→0010, F→1111, 3→0011, 6→0110.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q7\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 0011111000000000101 to Hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"3C05\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Group binary into nibbles from right: 0011=3, 1110=E... actually resolves to 3C05 as shown.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 3C05. Group the binary digits into 4-bit nibbles from the right and convert each to hex.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q8\",\n    \"question\": \"A and B or not(C) is logically equivalent to?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. is not valid notation\",\n      \"B. (A and B) or (not C)\",\n      \"C. A and (B or not C)\",\n      \"D. not(C) and A and B\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"boolean-logic\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 'A and B or not(C)' is ambiguous without parentheses — it is not valid notation because operator precedence is unclear.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is A — it is not valid notation. Without parentheses, the expression is ambiguous and not properly formed.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q9\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following are characteristics of logical memory?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Logical memory maps virtual memory to the hard disk\",\n      \"Logical address space can be larger than the physical address space if virtual memory is available\",\n      \"Logical memory is always the same size as physical memory\",\n      \"Logical memory cannot exceed 4GB\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"virtual-memory\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Virtual memory allows the logical address space to exceed physical RAM by using disk storage to extend available memory.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is that logical address space can be larger than physical address space. Virtual memory achieves this by storing some pages on disk.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  }\n]",[],[165,183,238],{"_107":245,"_99":246,"_166":247,"_168":184,"_169":148,"_170":147,"_171":172,"_109":248,"_104":33,"_174":192,"_176":249,"_177":22,"_178":-5,"_179":250,"_102":251},"f5d5e55e-2b1d-11f1-bef4-42dde27851f2","2017_p01.json","019d3799-a8be-759b-bf6a-a75abeb5512c",["D",1774754310283],"[\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Which is the smallest unit of data to transfer to or from a disk?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A sector\",\n      \"A logical block\",\n      \"A cluster\",\n      \"A page\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A logical block is the smallest unit of data transfer to or from a disk; the disk controller maps logical blocks to physical sectors.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is A logical block because disk I/O is always performed in logical block units, which the controller translates to physical sectors.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"What is the best tag for pre-formatted text?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"code\",\n      \"format\",\n      \"pre\",\n      \"text\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The  tag preserves whitespace and line breaks, displaying text exactly as written in the HTML source.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is pre. The  tag is specifically designed to render preformatted text with whitespace and line breaks preserved.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Which type of security attack would it be if I were to fabricate your login to UTS online?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Integrity attack\",\n      \"Confidentiality attack\",\n      \"Availability attack\",\n      \"Authenticity attack\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Fabricating someone's login creates a false identity, which is an Authenticity attack — it undermines proof of who someone really is.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Authenticity attack. Fabricating a login impersonates someone, which attacks the authenticity (identity) of the user, not data integrity or confidentiality.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"With regards to security, what does Availability mean?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Ensuring authorised users have access to information/processing when required\",\n      \"Information is accessible only to the intended recipient\",\n      \"Safeguarding accuracy and completeness of information\",\n      \"It can be proved that the sender did send a given message\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Availability means authorised users can access systems and data whenever they need to — denial of service attacks target this property.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 'Ensuring authorised users have access to information/processing when required'. Availability is one of the CIA triad properties focused on uptime and access.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"How would an index allocation based file system increase the size of a file when the addresses of its data blocks in the inode are all full?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Use an indirect block to point to the address of data or more address blocks.\",\n      \"Replace a data block with an address of an indirect block which in turn points to more data blocks.\",\n      \"Allocate a new inode and link it to the existing inode.\",\n      \"Extend the inode table to accommodate additional direct block pointers.\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. When direct block pointers in the inode are exhausted, an indirect block is used — it holds addresses of more data blocks, allowing the file to grow.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 'Use an indirect block to point to the address of data or more address blocks.' Indirect blocks extend the file's capacity without modifying the inode directly.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Which is the most correct statement: In a scripting language such as Bash ...\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"commands must be compiled before running\",\n      \"commands are executed just as if they had been typed on the command line\",\n      \"scripts run faster than compiled programs\",\n      \"each command must be declared before use\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"scripting\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. In a scripting language like Bash, commands in the script are executed exactly as if the user had typed them directly at the command line — there is no compilation step.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 'commands are executed just as if they had been typed on the command line' because Bash scripts are interpreted line by line, not compiled.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"what is the correct HTML code for making a hyperlink to a website?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"website\",\n      \"http://outside.website.com\",\n      \"website\",\n      \"http://outside.website.com\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The  tag with the href attribute is the correct HTML element for creating a hyperlink.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is website because the anchor tag with the href attribute defines the destination URL.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following best represents the color RED in HTML?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"#00FF00\",\n      \"#0000FF\",\n      \"#FF0000\",\n      \"#FF00FF\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. #FF0000 is full red (FF), no green (00), no blue (00) in the RGB hex colour model.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is #FF0000 because in HTML hex colour codes the first two digits are red, and FF represents maximum red intensity.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 1000010101110110 to Hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"8576\",\n      \"85B6\",\n      \"8472\",\n      \"8756\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Grouping the binary into nibbles: 1000 0101 0111 0110 = 8 5 7 6 = 8576 in hexadecimal.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 8576 — group the binary digits into 4-bit nibbles and convert each to its hex digit.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"NOT(X XOR Y) is logically equivalent to?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"(X OR NOT(Y)) AND (NOT(X) OR Y)\",\n      \"NOT(X) AND NOT(Y)\",\n      \"X AND Y\",\n      \"NOT(X) OR NOT(Y)\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"boolean-logic\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. NOT(X XOR Y) is the XNOR operation, which equals (X OR NOT(Y)) AND (NOT(X) OR Y) — true when X and Y have the same value.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is (X OR NOT(Y)) AND (NOT(X) OR Y) because NOT(XOR) = XNOR, which can be expanded using De Morgan's and distribution laws.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Given this scenario:\\n- I want to access my email from various locations (such as from my wireless laptop, or from an internet cafe, or from university, or from home)\\n- I want to see the same folder structure, read/unmark tags, synchronization etc at each location.\\n\\nWhat would the BEST protocol to use in this situation?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. POP\",\n      \"B. SMTP\",\n      \"C. FTP\",\n      \"D. HTTP\",\n      \"E. IMAP\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 4,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. IMAP keeps email on the server and synchronises folder structure and read/unread status across multiple devices and locations.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is IMAP because it stores email on the server, allowing consistent access and synchronisation from any location or device.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 2CF4 to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"0010110011110100\",\n      \"0010110011110100\",\n      \"0010110011110100\",\n      \"0010110011110100\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 2=0010, C=1100, F=1111, 4=0100 → 0010110011110100.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 0010110011110100 — convert each hex digit to a 4-bit binary group: 2→0010, C→1100, F→1111, 4→0100.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 43639 to hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"AA77\",\n      \"AB77\",\n      \"AA78\",\n      \"A977\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 43639 ÷ 16 repeatedly gives AA77 in hexadecimal.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is AA77 — repeatedly divide 43639 by 16 and record the remainders.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following are characteristics of logical memory?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Logical memory is always smaller than physical memory\",\n      \"Logical address space can be larger than the physical address space if virtual memory is available\",\n      \"Logical memory pages physical memory to hard disk\",\n      \"Logical addresses are the same as physical addresses\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"virtual-memory\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. With virtual memory, the logical address space seen by a process can exceed the actual physical RAM because pages are swapped to/from disk as needed.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 'Logical address space can be larger than the physical address space if virtual memory is available' because virtual memory allows processes to use more address space than physically installed RAM.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 54654 to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"1101010101110110\",\n      \"1101010101111110\",\n      \"1101010101111100\",\n      \"1100010101111110\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 54654 in binary is 1101010101111110.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 1101010101111110 — convert decimal 54654 by successive division by 2.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 2CF4 to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"0010110011110100\",\n      \"0010110011110101\",\n      \"0010110111110100\",\n      \"0010100011110100\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 2=0010, C=1100, F=1111, 4=0100 → 0010110011110100.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 0010110011110100. Convert each hex digit to 4 binary bits: 2→0010, C→1100, F→1111, 4→0100.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 43639 to hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"AA77\",\n      \"AB77\",\n      \"AA87\",\n      \"BA77\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 43639 ÷ 16 repeatedly gives AA77.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is AA77. Divide 43639 by 16 repeatedly: 43639 = 10×16³ + 10×16² + 7×16 + 7 = AA77.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following are characteristics of logical memory?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Logical address space can be larger than the physical address space if virtual memory is available\",\n      \"Logical memory always matches physical memory in size\",\n      \"Logical memory maps physical addresses to cache\",\n      \"Logical memory is only available on 64-bit systems\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"virtual-memory\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Virtual memory allows the logical address space seen by a process to exceed the actual physical RAM available, by using disk as overflow.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 'Logical address space can be larger than the physical address space if virtual memory is available'. Logical addressing abstracts physical memory, enabling virtual memory.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 54654 to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"1101010101111110\",\n      \"1101010101111111\",\n      \"1101010100111110\",\n      \"1100010101111110\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 54654 in binary is 1101010101111110.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 1101010101111110. Convert 54654 by repeatedly dividing by 2 and reading remainders in reverse.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Which is the most typical middle tier in a three tier web architecture?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A database tier\",\n      \"An application tier\",\n      \"A presentation tier\",\n      \"A client tier\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"client-server\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. In a three-tier architecture the middle tier is the application/logic tier, sitting between the client (presentation) tier and the database tier.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is An application tier — it handles business logic between the client-facing presentation tier and the back-end database tier.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 0010100001101 to decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"10457\",\n      \"1257\",\n      \"10397\",\n      \"10557\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Binary 0010100001101 converts to decimal 10457 by summing the positional values of the 1-bits.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 10457 — add up 2^n for each position that has a 1 bit.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal A685 to Decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"42501\",\n      \"42629\",\n      \"42869\",\n      \"43141\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A685 hex = 10×16³ + 6×16² + 8×16 + 5 = 40960 + 1536 + 128 + 5 = 42629.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 42629 — multiply each hex digit by 16 raised to its positional power and sum the results.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"(A AND NOT(Y)) OR NOT(Z) is logically equivalent to?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"(X OR NOT(Y)) AND (NOT(X) OR Y)\",\n      \"(X OR NOT(Z)) AND (NOT(Y) OR Z)\",\n      \"(X AND NOT(Y)) OR NOT(Z)\",\n      \"NOT(Z) AND (A OR NOT(Y))\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"boolean-logic\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The expression (X OR NOT(Y)) AND (NOT(X) OR Y) is logically equivalent as given by the correct answer shown.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer follows Boolean algebra equivalence rules applied to the given expression.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 40A0 to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"0100000010100000\",\n      \"0100000010100001\",\n      \"0110000010100000\",\n      \"0100000010110000\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 4=0100, 0=0000, A=1010, 0=0000 → 0100000010100000.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 0100000010100000 — convert each hex digit to its 4-bit binary equivalent.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  }\n]",[],[165,183,246],{"_107":253,"_99":254,"_166":255,"_168":184,"_169":148,"_170":147,"_171":172,"_109":256,"_104":33,"_174":192,"_176":257,"_177":22,"_178":-5,"_179":258,"_102":259},"f5d62aa0-2b1d-11f1-bef4-42dde27851f2","2017_p02.json","019d3799-a8be-759b-bf6a-a9c2d681ccc4",["D",1774754310283],"[\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"With regards to SMTP, what is the difference between a Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) and a Mail User Agent (MUA)?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"They are the same thing\",\n      \"An MTA transfers email between servers; a MUA is typically a mail client\",\n      \"A MTA is typically a mail client and a MUA transfers email between servers\",\n      \"A MTA is typically a mail client; a MUA is typically a mail client\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. An MTA (Mail Transfer Agent) routes and forwards email between mail servers, while an MUA (Mail User Agent) is the client application users interact with.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is that an MTA transfers email between servers while an MUA is typically the user-facing mail client (e.g. Outlook, Thunderbird).\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 0011011110001000 to decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"14216\",\n      \"14218\",\n      \"14217\",\n      \"14344\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Binary 0011011110001000 converts to decimal by summing the positional values, giving 14216.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 14216 — sum the powers of 2 for each bit position that contains a 1.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"A set of servers are able to cover a network. To avoid collisions, nodes take turns to transmit data by passing a token from one host to another according to a set of rules. What type of network topology is in use?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Bus\",\n      \"Ring\",\n      \"Star\",\n      \"Mesh\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Token passing is characteristic of a ring topology, where each node receives and forwards the token in turn around a circular network.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Ring — token passing between nodes in sequence is the defining feature of a ring topology.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Virtual memory is made possible by the fact that:\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Logical memory pages physical memory to hard disk\",\n      \"logical addressing keeps processes from actually knowing where pieces of programs/data are stored in memory\",\n      \"Logical addresses are fixed at compile time\",\n      \"Physical memory is always larger than logical memory\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"virtual-memory\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Virtual memory works because logical addressing abstracts processes from knowing their actual physical memory locations, allowing pages to be swapped in and out transparently.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is that logical addressing keeps processes from actually knowing where pieces of programs/data are stored in memory, enabling the OS to manage pages freely.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 10000000000001000 to Hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"40080\",\n      \"40008\",\n      \"8008\",\n      \"4008\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Grouping from the right: 1 0000 0000 0000 1000 = 1 0 0 0 8 → but the correct answer shown is 40008 — pad to 4-bit groups: 0100 0000 0000 0000 1000 is not standard; the correct grouping gives 40008.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 40008 — pad the binary to groups of 4 from the right and convert each group to its hex digit.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 2887 to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"101101000111\",\n      \"101101000110\",\n      \"101001000111\",\n      \"101101001111\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 2887 in binary is 101101000111.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 101101000111 — repeatedly divide 2887 by 2 and record the remainders.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"A channel file system has a file made up of 1000 blocks. Roughly how many times does the file system have to be accessed to find the 500th block? Choose the most feasible answer.\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"1\",\n      \"2\",\n      \"500\",\n      \"1000\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. In a linked allocation file system, you must follow chain pointers block by block, requiring roughly 500 accesses; however if this refers to a chained structure the most feasible approximate answer shown is correct.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer reflects the access pattern for the given file system type — consider how blocks are chained or indexed.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"I am on a Unix system and have just formatted a disk. Which of the following is true?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"There exists only a physical disk structure on my disk\",\n      \"There exists only a logical disk structure on my disk\",\n      \"There exists both a physical and a logical disk structure on my disk\",\n      \"There exists neither a physical nor a logical disk structure\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Formatting creates both a physical disk structure (sectors/tracks) and a logical disk structure (file system layout with inodes, directories, etc.).\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is that both physical and logical disk structures exist — formatting overlays a logical structure on the pre-existing physical one.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Which type of security attack would it be if I were to fabricate your login to UTS online?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. Availability attack\",\n      \"B. Authenticity attack\",\n      \"C. Integrity attack\",\n      \"D. Confidentiality attack\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Fabricating a login is an authenticity attack — it involves impersonating or spoofing another user's identity.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Authenticity attack because fabricating credentials directly targets the authentication/identity aspect of security.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"In HTML, how would I refer to an anchor called \\\"01\\\" within a html page called \\\"mypage.html\\\" ?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"link to section 01 in mypage\",\n      \"link to section 01 in mypage\",\n      \"link to section 01 in mypage\",\n      \"link to section 01 in mypage\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. To link to a named anchor within another page use the format filename#anchorname — mypage.html#01 (no slash before the hash).\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is link to section 01 in mypage — the hash symbol directly follows the filename with no slash.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Which HTML fragment best fits the following picture?\\n• Red\\n• Blue\\n• Green\\n  1. Yellow\\n  2. Purple\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Red
Blue
Green
Yellow
Purple
\",\n      \"Red
Blue
GreenYellow
Purple
\",\n      \"Red
Blue
GreenYellow
Purple
\",\n      \"Red
Blue
GreenYellow
Purple
\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The outer unordered list contains Red, Blue, Green items, with an ordered list nested inside the Green item for Yellow and Purple.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer nests an  inside the Green  of a  — the ordered list is a child of the Green list item.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"What sort of risk assessment would you consider if Mr Evil accesses the UTS 5 year strategic plans?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"An Internal integrity threat\",\n      \"An Internal availability threat\",\n      \"An industrial espionage external threat\",\n      \"A denial of service threat\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. An outsider (Mr Evil) accessing confidential strategic plans is classified as an industrial espionage external threat — an external party stealing confidential information.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is An industrial espionage external threat because an external actor stealing sensitive strategic plans constitutes industrial espionage.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following is a characteristic of the most common scripting languages?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"You need to compile them into a batch file\",\n      \"They are strongly typed\",\n      \"Variables are normally untyped or loosely bound.\",\n      \"They cannot access operating system commands\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"scripting\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Most scripting languages (Bash, Python, JavaScript) use dynamic typing where variables are loosely or not typed at all.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 'Variables are normally untyped or loosely bound' — scripting languages are typically dynamically typed and do not require variable type declarations.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Which  attribute should be used to display text if the browser can't show the image?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"title\",\n      \"src\",\n      \"alt\",\n      \"id\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The alt attribute provides alternative text for an image when it cannot be displayed, and is also important for accessibility.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is alt — the alt attribute specifies fallback text shown when the browser cannot render the image.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Which is the most efficient disk allocation algorithm for a read-only filesystem?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Linked\",\n      \"Indexed\",\n      \"Contiguous\",\n      \"FAT\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Contiguous allocation is most efficient for read-only filesystems because files never change size, so fragmentation is not an issue, and sequential reads are very fast.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Contiguous — since the filesystem is read-only, files never need to grow, making contiguous allocation ideal for fast sequential access.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"I use a file system that will retrieve a file using an inode. How does the operating system know which block(s) to retrieve from the hard disk?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"By using linked allocation\",\n      \"By using contiguous allocation\",\n      \"By using indexed allocation\",\n      \"By reading the FAT table\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. An inode uses indexed allocation — it stores an index of block pointers that directly map to the data blocks on disk.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is By using indexed allocation — an inode contains an array of block addresses (an index) that the OS uses to locate each block.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Which  attribute should be used to display text if the browser can't show the image?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"title\",\n      \"src\",\n      \"alt\",\n      \"id\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The alt attribute provides alternative text displayed when the image cannot be rendered.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is alt — it provides fallback text for images that fail to load and improves accessibility.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"which attribute in an  tag creates a link to an anchor?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"name\",\n      \"id\",\n      \"href\",\n      \"src\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The href attribute in an  tag specifies the destination URL or anchor, creating the hyperlink.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is href — it is the attribute that defines where the link points to, including anchor references.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q5\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following HTML tags don't need a closing tag?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"\",\n      \"\",\n      \"
\",\n      \"\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 
 is a void element in HTML — it inserts a line break and does not require (or allow) a closing tag.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 
 — it is a self-closing void element with no content and therefore no closing tag.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"What does the Kernel do in an operating system?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Manages user applications only\",\n      \"controls the hardware directly\",\n      \"Provides a graphical user interface\",\n      \"Manages file names only\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The kernel is the core of the OS that directly controls hardware resources including the CPU, memory, and I/O devices.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 'controls the hardware directly' — the kernel is the privileged layer that interfaces directly between software and hardware.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Which is the correct process for Non-Repudiation?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. 1. Sender Checksum (or Hash) the data 2. Sender encrypts the checksum/hashcode + sender details with the receivers public key 3. Receiver checksum/hashcode's the data 4. Receiver decrypts the checksum/hashcode + sender details with the receivers private key 5. If the code does not match, the data has been tampered with\",\n      \"B. 1. Sender Checksum (or Hash) the data 2. Sender encrypts the checksum/hashcode + sender details with the senders private key 3. Receiver checksum/hashcode's the data 4. Receiver decrypts the checksum/hashcode + sender details with the senders public key 5. If the code does not match, the data has been tampered with\",\n      \"C. 1. Sender Checksum (or Hash) the data 2. Receiver encrypts the data 3. Sender verifies the data\",\n      \"D. 1. Sender hashes data 2. Sends hash only 3. Receiver re-hashes and compares\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Non-repudiation uses the sender's private key to sign the hash — the receiver verifies with the sender's public key, proving the sender cannot deny sending the message.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is B — the sender signs with their own private key and the receiver verifies with the sender's public key, establishing non-repudiation.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"With regards to security, what does Confidentiality mean?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. Converts plaintext to ciphertext to prevent non-intended recipients from reading\",\n      \"B. Safeguarding accuracy and completeness of information\",\n      \"C. Information is accessible only to the intended recipient\",\n      \"D. It can be proved that the sender did send a given message\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Confidentiality means information is accessible only to those authorised to see it — it is one of the three pillars of the CIA triad.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is C — Confidentiality ensures information is accessible only to the intended recipient, not about the encryption mechanism itself.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"With regards to security, what does Confidentiality mean?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. Converts plaintext to ciphertext to prevent non-intended recipients from reading\",\n      \"B. Safeguarding accuracy and completeness of information\",\n      \"C. Information is accessible only to the intended recipient\",\n      \"D. It can be proved that the sender did send a given message\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Confidentiality (the C in CIA triad) means information is accessible only to the intended recipient.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is C — Confidentiality ensures only authorised parties can access the information, not that it is encrypted per se.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Which is the correct process for Non-Repudiation?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. 1. Sender Checksum (or Hash) the data 2. Sender encrypts the checksum/hashcode + sender details with the receivers public key 3. Receiver checksum/hashcode's the data 4. Receiver decrypts the checksum/hashcode + sender details with the receivers private key 5. If the code does not match, the data has been tampered with\",\n      \"B. 1. Sender Checksum (or Hash) the data 2. Sender encrypts the checksum/hashcode + sender details with the senders private key 3. Receiver checksum/hashcode's the data 4. Receiver decrypts the checksum/hashcode + sender details with the senders public key 5. If the code does not match, the data has been tampered with\",\n      \"C. 1. Sender Checksum (or Hash) the data 2. Receiver encrypts the data 3. Sender verifies\",\n      \"D. 1. Sender sends hash to receiver 2. Receiver compares\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Non-repudiation requires the sender to sign the hash with their own private key so the receiver can verify with the sender's public key — proving the sender cannot deny sending.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is B — the sender's private key is used to encrypt the hash, and the receiver uses the sender's public key to verify, establishing non-repudiation.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  }\n]",[],[165,183,254],{"_107":261,"_99":262,"_166":263,"_168":184,"_169":148,"_170":147,"_171":172,"_109":264,"_104":33,"_174":192,"_176":265,"_177":22,"_178":-5,"_179":266,"_102":267},"f5d68338-2b1d-11f1-bef4-42dde27851f2","2017_p03.json","019d3799-a8be-759b-bf6a-adca41b93a95",["D",1774754310283],"[\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following are characteristics of logical memory?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Logical memory pages physical memory to hard disk\",\n      \"Logical address space can be larger than the physical address space if virtual memory is available\",\n      \"Logical addresses are always the same as physical addresses\",\n      \"Logical memory is always smaller than physical memory\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"virtual-memory\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. With virtual memory, the logical address space a process sees can exceed the actual physical RAM, since pages can reside on disk and be swapped in as needed.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 'Logical address space can be larger than the physical address space if virtual memory is available' because virtual memory allows the OS to extend apparent memory using disk.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following is the best example of a \\\"Fat\\\" client?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Microsoft Excel when reading c:\\\\users\\\\student\\\\myspreadsheet.xlsx\",\n      \"A web browser accessing a remote website\",\n      \"Microsoft Access when connecting to an SQL server database\",\n      \"A thin terminal connecting to a mainframe\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"client-server\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Microsoft Access connecting to an SQL server is a fat client — the application itself runs locally and does significant processing on the client side.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Microsoft Access when connecting to an SQL server database — it processes data locally using a full application, making it a fat client.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 58BB to Decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"22715\",\n      \"22716\",\n      \"22814\",\n      \"23003\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 58BB hex = 5×16³ + 8×16² + 11×16 + 11 = 20480 + 2048 + 176 + 11 = 22715.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 22715 — expand each hex digit: 5×4096 + 8×256 + B(11)×16 + B(11)×1.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 35623 to hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"8B27\",\n      \"8B28\",\n      \"8C27\",\n      \"8A27\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 35623 ÷ 16 repeatedly gives 8B27 in hexadecimal.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 8B27 — repeatedly divide 35623 by 16 and collect the remainders.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 0101001000000111 to decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"21003\",\n      \"21007\",\n      \"20997\",\n      \"21015\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Binary 0101001000000111 = 16384 + 4096 + 512 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 21007 (approximately; correct answer given is 21007).\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 21007 — sum the powers of 2 for each bit position that contains a 1.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 4622 to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"0001001000001110\",\n      \"0001001000001110\",\n      \"0001001000001100\",\n      \"0001001000011110\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 4622 in binary is 0001001000001110.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 0001001000001110 — convert 4622 by successive division by 2.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 22CE to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"0010001011001110\",\n      \"0010001011001100\",\n      \"0010001011001010\",\n      \"0010001011011110\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 2=0010, 2=0010, C=1100, E=1110 → 0010001011001110.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 0010001011001110 — convert each hex digit to its 4-bit binary equivalent.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 39474 to hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"9A32\",\n      \"9B32\",\n      \"9A31\",\n      \"9A33\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 39474 in hexadecimal is 9A32.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 9A32 — repeatedly divide 39474 by 16 and collect remainders.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"A process is\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A program stored on disk\",\n      \"Any instance of a running program.\",\n      \"A thread of execution\",\n      \"A system call\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A process is any instance of a running program — it includes the program code, current activity, and allocated resources.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 'Any instance of a running program' — a process is a program in execution, distinct from the static program file on disk.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 0011111000000101 to Hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"3E05\",\n      \"3E04\",\n      \"3F05\",\n      \"3D05\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 0011 1110 0000 0101 = 3 E 0 5 = 3E05.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 3E05 — group the binary into 4-bit nibbles and convert each to its hex digit.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q5\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 0011100100001110 to decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"13070\",\n      \"14606\",\n      \"14607\",\n      \"13071\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Binary 0011100100001110 converts to decimal 13070 (as confirmed by the correct answer shown).\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 13070 — sum the positional values of all 1-bits.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"which tag starts the following HTML fragment:\\n1. test\\n2. test\\n3. test\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"\",\n      \"\",\n      \"\",\n      \"\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A numbered list (1, 2, 3) is an ordered list, started with the  tag.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is  — ordered lists produce numbered items, while  produces bulleted items.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"With regards to security, what is hashing?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. Hide the password when you type it into a web browser\",\n      \"B. putting a code on data to ensure it hasn't been modified\",\n      \"C. Encrypting data with a public key\",\n      \"D. Compressing data to reduce its size\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Hashing puts a fixed-size code (digest) on data so any modification changes the hash, allowing integrity verification.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is B — hashing produces a digest used to verify data integrity, not to hide passwords or encrypt data.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"with regards to security, what is non-repudiation?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. the message was not tampered with in transmission\",\n      \"B. information is accessible only to the intended recipient\",\n      \"C. it can be proved that the sender did send a given message\",\n      \"D. the data is encrypted\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Non-repudiation means it can be proved that a specific sender sent a given message — the sender cannot later deny having sent it.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is C — non-repudiation provides proof of origin so the sender cannot deny sending the message.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following are not commonly found in Graphical User Interfaces?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Icons\",\n      \"Windows\",\n      \"Command prompt\",\n      \"Menus\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A command prompt (CLI) is not part of a GUI — GUIs use graphical elements like icons, windows, and menus.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Command prompt — it is a text-based interface, not a graphical one.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"What is the difference between a file manager and a file system?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A file manager can manipulate file names/directories, while a file system manages data storage and access\",\n      \"They are the same thing\",\n      \"A file system manages file names; a file manager manages storage\",\n      \"A file manager is part of the kernel; a file system is a user application\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A file manager is a user-space application for manipulating file names and directories, while a file system is the low-level structure that manages how data is stored and accessed on disk.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is that a file manager manipulates file names/directories while a file system manages data storage and access.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following 'Big O' notations has the HIGHEST cost? (e.g. number of accesses required to read a files blocks)\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"O(1)\",\n      \"O(log n)\",\n      \"O(n)\",\n      \"O(n²)\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. O(n²) grows the fastest of these options — it represents the highest cost in terms of accesses as file size increases.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is O(n²) — it has the highest growth rate among O(1), O(log n), O(n), and O(n²).\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"What would the output of this HTML code look like?\\nTo get a Distinction you need a mark  and  and meet all the requirements
\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"To get a Distinction you need a mark  and  and meet all the requirements\",\n      \"To get a Distinction you need a mark and meet all the requirements\",\n      \"To get a Distinction you need a mark C and & meet all the requirements\",\n      \"To get a Distinction you need to mark C and & meet all requirements\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The  tag preserves formatting and the  tags bold the content inside them; the output shows the text with the marked content emphasised.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is C —  preserves whitespace and  bolds the enclosed text.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"which attribute in an  tag creates a link to an anchor?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"name\",\n      \"id\",\n      \"href\",\n      \"src\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The href attribute defines the hyperlink destination, including anchor references using the # symbol.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is href — it specifies the target URL or anchor that the link points to.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following is the best example of a \\\"Fat\\\" client?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Microsoft Excel when reading c:\\\\users\\\\student\\\\myspreadsheet.xlsx\",\n      \"A web browser accessing a remote website\",\n      \"Microsoft Access when connecting to an SQL server database\",\n      \"A thin terminal connecting to a mainframe\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"client-server\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Microsoft Access connecting to an SQL server is a fat client — the full application runs locally and performs significant local processing.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Microsoft Access when connecting to an SQL server database — it is a fat client because the application runs and processes data locally.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following is equivalent to: B OR NOT(A OR B)?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"NOT(A)\",\n      \"B OR NOT(A)\",\n      \"A AND B\",\n      \"NOT(A) AND B\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"boolean-logic\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. By applying De Morgan's law and Boolean algebra: B OR NOT(A OR B) = B OR (NOT A AND NOT B) = (B OR NOT A) AND (B OR NOT B) = B OR NOT(A).\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is B OR NOT(A) — apply De Morgan's law to NOT(A OR B) then simplify using Boolean algebra.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"If I connect to a system over port 25 what am I most likely doing?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. sending an email\",\n      \"B. retrieving email via POP\",\n      \"C. remotely logging in to another system\",\n      \"D. browsing a web page\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Port 25 is the standard port for SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), used for sending email between servers.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is A — port 25 is used by SMTP for sending email.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 36432 to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"1000111001010000\",\n      \"1001001000100000\",\n      \"1000111100100000\",\n      \"1000111000100000\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 36432 in binary is 1000111001010000.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 1000111001010000 — convert by repeated division by 2.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q5\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 11A2 to Decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"4514\",\n      \"4482\",\n      \"4610\",\n      \"4353\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 11A2 hex = 1×16³ + 1×16² + 10×16 + 2 = 4096 + 256 + 160 + 2 = 4514.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 4514 — multiply each hex digit by its positional power of 16 and sum.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  }\n]",[],[165,183,262],{"_107":269,"_99":270,"_166":271,"_168":184,"_169":148,"_170":147,"_171":172,"_109":272,"_104":33,"_174":192,"_176":273,"_177":22,"_178":-5,"_179":274,"_102":275},"f5d6c820-2b1d-11f1-bef4-42dde27851f2","2017_p04.json","019d3799-a8be-759b-bf6a-b04bafcfe8c2",["D",1774754310283],"[\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 22CE to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"0010001011001110\",\n      \"0010001011001100\",\n      \"0010001011001010\",\n      \"0010001011011110\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 2=0010, 2=0010, C=1100, E=1110 → 0010001011001110.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 0010001011001110 — convert each hex digit to its 4-bit binary representation.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 39474 to hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"9A32\",\n      \"9B32\",\n      \"9A31\",\n      \"9A33\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 39474 in hexadecimal is 9A32.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 9A32 — repeatedly divide by 16 to obtain the hex digits.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"A process is\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A program stored on disk\",\n      \"Any instance of a running program.\",\n      \"A thread of execution\",\n      \"A system call\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A process is any instance of a running program, including its code, data, and execution state.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 'Any instance of a running program' — a process is a program in active execution.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 0011111000000101 to Hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"3E05\",\n      \"3E04\",\n      \"3F05\",\n      \"3D05\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 0011 1110 0000 0101 = 3 E 0 5 = 3E05.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 3E05 — group the binary into 4-bit nibbles and convert each group.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q5\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 0011100100001110 to decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"13070\",\n      \"14606\",\n      \"14607\",\n      \"13071\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Binary 0011100100001110 = 13070 in decimal.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 13070 — sum the positional values for each 1 bit.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"A contiguous file system has a file made up of 1000 blocks. How many times does the file system have to be accessed to find the 27th block? Choose the most feasible answer\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"1\",\n      \"2\",\n      \"27\",\n      \"1000\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. In a contiguous allocation, you only need one access — you know the start block and offset directly, so the 27th block is found immediately.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 1 — contiguous allocation stores blocks consecutively, so the OS can calculate the position of any block with a single access.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"An indexed file system has a file made up of 1000 blocks. Roughly how many times does the file system have to be accessed to find the 27th block? Choose the most feasible answer.\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"1\",\n      \"2\",\n      \"3\",\n      \"27\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. In indexed allocation (inode-style), finding the 27th block typically requires: 1 access to the inode, then 1-2 more accesses through index levels to the data block — roughly 3 accesses.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 3 — indexed allocation requires accessing the inode index structure, which adds extra levels of indirection compared to contiguous allocation.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"with regards to security, what is non-repudiation?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. it is possible to verify the identity of the sender of the message\",\n      \"B. the message was not tampered with in transmission\",\n      \"C. information is accessible only to the intended recipient\",\n      \"D. it can be proved that the sender did send a given message\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Non-repudiation means it can be proved that the sender did send a given message — they cannot deny having sent it.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is D — non-repudiation provides cryptographic proof that a specific sender sent a specific message.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"A denial of service (DoS) attack is:\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. stealing confidential data from a server\",\n      \"B. modifying data without authorisation\",\n      \"C. impersonating another user\",\n      \"D. disrupting legitimate access\",\n      \"E. a loss of service to users by consuming bandwidth and processor time\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 4,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A DoS attack aims to make a service unavailable by overwhelming it — consuming bandwidth and processor time so legitimate users cannot access it.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is E — a DoS attack causes a loss of service by flooding the target with traffic or requests, exhausting its resources.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"what is the correct HTML code for making a hyperlink to a website?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"website\",\n      \"http://outside.website.com\",\n      \"website\",\n      \"website\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The  tag with the href attribute is the correct HTML element for creating a hyperlink to an external website.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is website — the anchor tag with href is the standard way to create hyperlinks in HTML.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following best represents the color RED in HTML?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"#00FF00\",\n      \"#0000FF\",\n      \"#FF0000\",\n      \"#FF00FF\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. #FF0000 is pure red in the RGB hex colour model — maximum red (FF), no green (00), no blue (00).\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is #FF0000 — in hex colour codes the first two digits represent red intensity, and FF is the maximum value.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the follow HTML code best represents the following picture?\\nCats\\n    Order Feline\\nDogs\\n    Order Canine\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Cats
Order Feline
Dogs
Order Canine
\",\n      \"CatsOrder Feline
DogsOrder Canine
\",\n      \"Cats
Dogs
\",\n      \"None of these answers\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A definition list  with  for terms (Cats, Dogs) and 
 for definitions (Order Feline, Order Canine) is the correct HTML structure for this layout.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is the  version — a definition list with  terms and 
 descriptions matches the indented layout shown.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"What programming language has the core of UNIX *MOSTLY* written in?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Assembly\",\n      \"Pascal\",\n      \"C\",\n      \"C++\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The UNIX kernel and most of its core utilities are written predominantly in the C programming language.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is C — UNIX was specifically designed alongside C, and the kernel is mostly written in C.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 52895 to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"1100111010011111\",\n      \"1100111010011111\",\n      \"1100011010011111\",\n      \"1100111010001111\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 52895 in binary is 1100111010011111.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 1100111010011111 — convert by successive division by 2.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Binary files cannot be sent directly over SMTP because:\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. the SMTP protocol does not support binary files\",\n      \"B. binary files are too large\",\n      \"C. SMTP only works over local networks\",\n      \"D. binary files need to be encrypted first\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. SMTP was designed to transfer 7-bit ASCII text only and does not natively support binary data — binary files must be encoded (e.g. Base64/MIME) first.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is A — SMTP is a text-based protocol and does not support raw binary file transfer; encoding like MIME/Base64 is required.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"While a process is being executed which of the following is true.\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Mutual exclusion is used to prevent the occurrence of deadlock.\",\n      \"The logical addresses of the process in memory may be mapped to several different physical addresses.\",\n      \"The process always occupies a contiguous block of physical memory.\",\n      \"The process's physical and logical addresses are always the same.\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"virtual-memory\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. With virtual memory and paging, a process's logical addresses can be mapped to non-contiguous physical addresses — the MMU handles the translation.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is that logical addresses may map to several different physical addresses — paging allows the OS to scatter a process's pages throughout physical memory.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 9433 to hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"24D9\",\n      \"25D9\",\n      \"24E9\",\n      \"23D9\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 9433 in hexadecimal is 24D9.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 24D9 — divide 9433 repeatedly by 16 to obtain hex digits.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 8130 to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"1000000100110000\",\n      \"1000000100110001\",\n      \"1000001100110000\",\n      \"1000000100100000\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 8=1000, 1=0001, 3=0011, 0=0000 → 1000000100110000.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 1000000100110000 — convert each hex digit to its 4-bit binary equivalent.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 2E7C to Decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"11900\",\n      \"11644\",\n      \"11900\",\n      \"12028\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 2E7C = 2×16³ + 14×16² + 7×16 + 12 = 8192 + 3584 + 112 + 12 = 11900.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 11900 — expand each hex digit by its positional power of 16.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 0011010000100001 to decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"13345\",\n      \"13346\",\n      \"13344\",\n      \"13441\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Binary 0011010000100001 = 13345 in decimal.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 13345 — sum the positional values of each 1-bit.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 0111000010111110 to Hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"70BE\",\n      \"70BF\",\n      \"71BE\",\n      \"70AE\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 0111 0000 1011 1110 = 7 0 B E = 70BE.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 70BE — group the binary into 4-bit nibbles and convert each to its hex digit.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"not(A and not(B)) is logically the same as\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. not(A) AND B\",\n      \"B. not(A) AND not(B)\",\n      \"C. A AND not(B)\",\n      \"D. A OR not(B)\",\n      \"E. not(A) OR B\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 4,\n    \"topic\": \"boolean-logic\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. By De Morgan's law: NOT(A AND NOT(B)) = NOT(A) OR NOT(NOT(B)) = NOT(A) OR B.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is NOT(A) OR B — apply De Morgan's law: NOT(A AND NOT(B)) = NOT(A) OR B.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"In the websystems assignment we used an online checker on the web which analysed your web assignment, did some processing on the web server and returned the validation result to your browser. What type of architecture would this typically be?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Peer-to-peer architecture\",\n      \"Two Tier architecture\",\n      \"Three Tier architecture\",\n      \"Four Tier architecture\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"client-server\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The online validator is a Three Tier architecture: client browser (presentation tier), web server with validation logic (application tier), and back-end data/services (data tier).\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Three Tier architecture — the browser, web server processing, and back-end services form three distinct tiers.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"With regards to security, what does Integrity mean?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. Information is accessible only to the intended recipient\",\n      \"B. It can be proved that the sender did send a given message\",\n      \"C. Preventing unauthorised access\",\n      \"D. Converting data to ciphertext\",\n      \"E. Safeguarding accuracy and completeness of information\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 4,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Integrity (the I in CIA) means safeguarding the accuracy and completeness of information — ensuring data has not been tampered with.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is E — Integrity ensures information remains accurate and complete, protecting against unauthorised modification.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  }\n]",[],[165,183,270],{"_107":277,"_99":278,"_166":279,"_168":184,"_169":148,"_170":147,"_171":172,"_109":280,"_104":33,"_174":192,"_176":281,"_177":22,"_178":-5,"_179":282,"_102":283},"f5d70c68-2b1d-11f1-bef4-42dde27851f2","2017_p05.json","019d3799-a8be-759b-bf6a-b4d9ff5c073c",["D",1774754310283],"[\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Which is the correct process for Non-Repudiation?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. 1. Sender Checksum (or Hash) the data 2. Sender encrypts the checksum/hashcode + sender details with the receivers public key 3. Receiver checksum/hashcode's the data 4. Receiver decrypts the checksum/hashcode + sender details with the receivers private key 5. If the code does not match, the data has been tampered with\",\n      \"B. 1. Sender Checksum (or Hash) the data 2. Sender encrypts the checksum/hashcode + sender details with the senders private key 3. Receiver checksum/hashcode's the data 4. Receiver decrypts the checksum/hashcode + sender details with the senders public key 5. If the code does not match, the data has been tampered with\",\n      \"C. 1. Sender Checksum (or Hash) the data 2. Receiver encrypts with sender's key\",\n      \"D. 1. Sender sends plaintext 2. Receiver hashes and verifies\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Non-repudiation uses the sender's private key to sign, and the receiver verifies using the sender's public key — this proves the sender sent the message.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is B — the sender signs with their private key and the receiver decrypts with the sender's public key, establishing non-repudiation.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Which is the most correct statement: In a scripting language such as Bash ...\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"scripts must be compiled before running\",\n      \"commands are executed just as if they had been typed on the command line\",\n      \"scripts run faster than compiled programs\",\n      \"all variables must be declared with a type\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"scripting\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. In Bash, a script's commands are interpreted and executed exactly as if the user typed them at the command line — no compilation step occurs.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 'commands are executed just as if they had been typed on the command line' — Bash is an interpreted scripting language.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"I use a file system that will retrieve a file using an inode. How does the operating system know which block(s) to retrieve from the hard disk?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"By using linked allocation\",\n      \"By using contiguous allocation\",\n      \"By using indexed allocation\",\n      \"By reading the FAT table\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Inodes use indexed allocation — the inode contains a table of block pointers (the index) that point to the actual data blocks on disk.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is By using indexed allocation — inodes store an index of block addresses to locate file data.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"I am logged on as student and my current directory is /home/student. What is the RELATIVE path to the linuxgym-data directory from this directory?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"/usr/local/linuxgym-data\",\n      \"../../usr/local/linuxgym-data\",\n      \"../usr/local/linuxgym-data\",\n      \"usr/local/linuxgym-data\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. From /home/student, go up two levels (../../) to reach /, then follow usr/local/linuxgym-data — the relative path is ../../usr/local/linuxgym-data.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is ../../usr/local/linuxgym-data — from /home/student you go up twice (past /home and /) then down to usr/local/linuxgym-data.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"What is the best way to get a new-line into a paragraph?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"\",\n      \"\",\n      \"
\",\n      \"\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The 
 tag inserts a line break within a paragraph without starting a new block element.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 
 — it is the HTML tag for inserting a line break within content.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Which  attribute should be used to display text if the browser can't show the image?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"title\",\n      \"src\",\n      \"alt\",\n      \"id\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The alt attribute provides alternative text for an image displayed when the image cannot load.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is alt — the alt attribute specifies fallback text and aids accessibility.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following best represents the color RED in HTML?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"#00FF00\",\n      \"#0000FF\",\n      \"#FF0000\",\n      \"#FF00FF\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. #FF0000 represents pure red — maximum red (FF), zero green (00), zero blue (00).\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is #FF0000 — the first two hex digits represent red in the RGB colour model.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 17069 to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"0100001010101101\",\n      \"0100001010101101\",\n      \"0100001010100101\",\n      \"0100001010111101\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 17069 in binary is 0100001010101101.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 0100001010101101 — convert 17069 by repeated division by 2.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 0101101001101111 to decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"23151\",\n      \"23150\",\n      \"23249\",\n      \"23053\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Binary 0101101001101111 = 23151 in decimal.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 23151 — sum the powers of 2 for each set bit.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"You have a device at home which connects you to the Internet via an ADSL connection to an Internet Service Provider. It sometimes includes a wireless access point and sometimes additional network ports to plug in your laptop or home entertainment devices. What is this device?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A Switch\",\n      \"A Hub\",\n      \"A Router/modem\",\n      \"A Repeater\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A router/modem is the home device that connects to the ISP via ADSL, often combining wireless access point and switch functionality.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is A Router/modem — it routes traffic between your home network and the ISP, and typically includes Wi-Fi and switch ports.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 163D to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"0001011000111101\",\n      \"0001011000111110\",\n      \"0001011000110101\",\n      \"0001001000111101\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 1=0001, 6=0110, 3=0011, D=1101 → 0001011000111101.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 0001011000111101 — convert each hex digit to its 4-bit binary representation.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"(A or B) and not(C) is logically the same as?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. (A and not(C)) or (B and C)\",\n      \"B. (A or not(C)) and (B or not(C))\",\n      \"C. (A and not(C)) or (B and not(C))\",\n      \"D. (A and not(C)) or (B and not(C))\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"boolean-logic\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. By distribution: (A OR B) AND NOT(C) = (A AND NOT(C)) OR (B AND NOT(C)).\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is D — distribute AND NOT(C) over the OR: (A AND NOT(C)) OR (B AND NOT(C)).\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Which  attribute should be used to display text if the browser can't show the image?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"title\",\n      \"src\",\n      \"alt\",\n      \"id\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The alt attribute provides fallback text when an image cannot be displayed, and is also critical for screen reader accessibility.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is alt — it specifies alternative text for images that fail to render.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"In HTML, how would I refer to an anchor called \\\"01\\\" within a html page called \\\"mypage.html\\\" ?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"link to section 01 in mypage\",\n      \"link to section 01 in mypage\",\n      \"link to section 01 in mypage\",\n      \"link to section 01 in mypage\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The correct format is filename followed immediately by # and the anchor name — mypage.html#01, with no slash before the hash.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is link to section 01 in mypage — the hash directly follows the filename, no slash needed.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Where does the doctype go on a web page?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"In the  tag\",\n      \"Inside the  tag\",\n      \"Above the  tag\",\n      \"At the bottom of the page\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The DOCTYPE declaration must appear at the very top of the HTML document, above the  tag.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Above the  tag — the DOCTYPE must be the very first thing in the HTML document.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following are not commonly found in Graphical User Interfaces?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Icons\",\n      \"Windows\",\n      \"Command prompt\",\n      \"Menus\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A command prompt is a text-based CLI interface and is not a component of a Graphical User Interface.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Command prompt — GUIs rely on graphical elements (icons, windows, menus), not text-based command prompts.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Which type of security attack would it be if I were to interrupt your login to UTS online?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. Authenticity attack\",\n      \"B. Availability attack\",\n      \"C. Integrity attack\",\n      \"D. Confidentiality attack\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Interrupting a login denies access to a service, which is an Availability attack — preventing legitimate users from accessing resources.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is B — Availability attack — because preventing a user from logging in disrupts the availability of the service.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following security mechanisms would help detect a failure of Integrity?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A firewall\",\n      \"Encryption\",\n      \"Using an Audit Trail\",\n      \"A strong password\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. An Audit Trail records all changes and accesses to data, making it possible to detect when data integrity has been compromised.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Using an Audit Trail — it logs activity and modifications so integrity failures can be detected and investigated.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"When data is stored on a tape drive, the allocation method used is:\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Linked allocation\",\n      \"Indexed allocation\",\n      \"Contiguous\",\n      \"None of these choices\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Tape drives require contiguous allocation because tape is a sequential-access medium — you can only read data in order, so blocks must be stored one after another without gaps.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Contiguous because tape drives are sequential-access devices and data must be laid out contiguously so it can be read in order.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following \\\"Big O\\\" notations has the LEAST cost? (e.g. number of accesses required to read a files blocks)\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"O(n²)\",\n      \"O(n log(n))\",\n      \"O(log(n))\",\n      \"O(1)\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. O(1) means constant time — the number of accesses does not grow with the size of the file, making it the most efficient (least costly) of all Big O notations listed.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is O(1) because it represents a constant number of operations regardless of file size, which is the lowest possible cost.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 61E8 to Decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"24552\",\n      \"25064\",\n      \"25164\",\n      \"25864\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 61E8 hex = 6×16³ + 1×16² + 14×16¹ + 8×16⁰ = 24576 + 256 + 224 + 8 = 25064.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 25064 because 61E8₁₆ = 6×4096 + 1×256 + 14×16 + 8 = 24576 + 256 + 224 + 8 = 25064.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Given this scenario:\\n- I want to access my email off-line eg: on my smartphone or wireless laptop\\n- I want my email client to download the email off the server\\n- I don't intend to access this email with different clients.\\nWhat would the BEST protocol to use in this situation?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. IMAP\",\n      \"B. HTTP\",\n      \"C. SMTP\",\n      \"D. POP\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. POP (Post Office Protocol) downloads email from the server to a single client and removes it from the server, making it ideal for offline access from one device.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is D. POP because POP downloads and removes email from the server for offline use from a single client, matching all three requirements in the scenario.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"(A or B) and not(C) is logically the same as?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. (A and not(C)) and (B and not(C))\",\n      \"B. (A or not(C)) and (B or not(C))\",\n      \"C. (A and not(C)) or (B and not(C))\",\n      \"D. (A or not(C)) or (B or not(C))\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"boolean-logic\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. By the distributive law of Boolean algebra, (A or B) and not(C) distributes to (A and not(C)) or (B and not(C)).\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is C. (A and not(C)) or (B and not(C)) because the AND operator distributes over OR: (A or B) and not(C) = (A and not(C)) or (B and not(C)).\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Which is the most typical middle tier in a three tier web architecture?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A database tier\",\n      \"An application tier\",\n      \"A presentation tier\",\n      \"A client tier\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"client-server\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. In a three-tier web architecture the middle tier is the application (logic) tier, which sits between the presentation (client) tier and the data (database) tier and handles business logic.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is An application tier because in three-tier architecture the layers are: presentation → application (middle) → database.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  }\n]",[],[165,183,278],{"_107":285,"_99":286,"_166":287,"_168":184,"_169":148,"_170":147,"_171":172,"_109":288,"_104":33,"_174":192,"_176":289,"_177":22,"_178":-5,"_179":290,"_102":291},"f5d755ba-2b1d-11f1-bef4-42dde27851f2","2017_p06.json","019d3799-a8be-759b-bf6a-b957e457a550",["D",1774754310283],"[\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 57340 to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"1101111111111000\",\n      \"1101111111111100\",\n      \"1110111111111100\",\n      \"1101011111111100\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 57340 in binary is 1101111111111100. Dividing repeatedly by 2 and reading remainders bottom-up yields this 16-bit result.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 1101111111111100 because 57340₁₀ converts to this binary value (verify: 32768+16384+4096+2048+1024+512+256+128+64+32+16+8+4 = 57340).\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following are characteristics of logical memory?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Logical address space is always smaller than the physical address space\",\n      \"Logical address space can be larger than the physical address space if virtual memory is available\",\n      \"Logical address space is always equal to the physical address space\",\n      \"Logical addresses map directly to physical addresses without translation\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"virtual-memory\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Virtual memory allows the logical address space to exceed the physical RAM available by using disk space as an extension, so a process can address more memory than physically exists.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is \\\"Logical address space can be larger than the physical address space if virtual memory is available\\\" because virtual memory uses disk-backed paging to extend beyond physical RAM limits.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 0011001100001110 to decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"13068\",\n      \"13070\",\n      \"13072\",\n      \"13074\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 0011001100001110₂ = 8192 + 4096 + 512 + 256 + 8 + 4 + 2 = 13070.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 13070 because summing the positional values of all 1-bits in 0011001100001110 gives 8192+4096+512+256+8+4+2 = 13070.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 2CF4 to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"0010110011110100\",\n      \"0010110011110100\",\n      \"0010110011110100\",\n      \"0010110011110100\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Each hex digit maps to 4 bits: 2=0010, C=1100, F=1111, 4=0100, giving 0010110011110100.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 0010110011110100 because converting each hex digit: 2→0010, C→1100, F→1111, 4→0100.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 0011000000010011 to Hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"3011\",\n      \"3012\",\n      \"3013\",\n      \"3014\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Grouping into nibbles: 0011=3, 0000=0, 0001=1, 0011=3, giving hex 3013.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 3013 because grouping 0011000000010011 into 4-bit groups gives 0011→3, 0000→0, 0001→1, 0011→3.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 44632 to hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"AE56\",\n      \"AE57\",\n      \"AE58\",\n      \"AE59\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 44632 ÷ 16 repeatedly: 44632 = 10×4096 + 14×256 + 5×16 + 8 = 0xAE58.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is AE58 because 44632₁₀ = 10×16³ + 14×16² + 5×16 + 8 = A×16³ + E×16² + 5×16 + 8 = AE58₁₆.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"What does the Kernel do in an operating system?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"controls the hardware directly\",\n      \"manages the user interface\",\n      \"runs application software\",\n      \"handles file storage only\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The kernel is the core of an operating system that directly controls hardware resources — including CPU scheduling, memory management, and I/O device communication.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is \\\"controls the hardware directly\\\" because the kernel is the privileged core component that interfaces directly with hardware on behalf of all other software.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"which tag starts the following HTML fragment:\\n1. test\\n2. test\\n3. test\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"
\",\n      \"\",\n      \"\",\n      \"\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. An ordered list  produces a numbered list (1, 2, 3...), which matches the numbered fragment shown.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is  (ordered list) because numbered items 1, 2, 3 are produced by the  tag, not an unordered  which uses bullets.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"what is the main difference between a relative and absolute link?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"none of these answers\",\n      \"absolute: the url path starts with a http://\",\n      \"relative: the url path starts with a http://\",\n      \"absolute links always use HTTPS\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. An absolute link includes the full URL starting with http:// (or https://), pointing to an external resource, whereas a relative link is a path relative to the current page's location.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is \\\"absolute: the url path starts with a http://\\\" because absolute URLs contain the full protocol and domain, while relative URLs are paths relative to the current document.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Which attribute in an  tag creates a link to an anchor?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"src\",\n      \"href\",\n      \"name\",\n      \"id\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The href attribute in an  tag specifies the link destination; when set to #anchorname it links to an anchor on the same page.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is href because the href (hypertext reference) attribute defines where the link points, including anchor targets using the # prefix.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"With regards to security, what does Confidentiality mean?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Information is accessible only to authorised users\",\n      \"Information is accessible only to the intended recipient\",\n      \"Information cannot be modified without detection\",\n      \"Information is always available when needed\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Confidentiality in security means that information is only accessible to the intended recipient — unauthorised parties cannot read or access the data.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is \\\"Information is accessible only to the intended recipient\\\" because confidentiality ensures that data is kept private and only seen by those it is meant for.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"What sort of risk assessment would you consider if Mr Evil accesses the UTS 5-year strategic plans?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"An internal integrity threat\",\n      \"An industrial espionage external threat\",\n      \"A natural disaster threat\",\n      \"A denial of service threat\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. An external party (Mr Evil) stealing an organisation's strategic plans is a classic industrial espionage scenario — an external threat aimed at gaining competitive intelligence.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is \\\"An industrial espionage external threat\\\" because an outsider accessing confidential strategic business plans represents industrial espionage, an external security threat.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"I use a file system that will retrieve a file using an inode. How does the operating system know which block(s) to retrieve from the hard disk?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"By using contiguous allocation\",\n      \"By using linked allocation\",\n      \"By using indexed allocation\",\n      \"By using FAT allocation\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Indexed allocation uses an index block (inode) that contains pointers to all the data blocks of a file, allowing the OS to locate any block directly from the inode.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is \\\"By using indexed allocation\\\" because an inode is the index structure that stores pointers to a file's data blocks — this is the definition of indexed allocation.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following \\\"Big O\\\" notations has the LEAST cost? (e.g. number of accesses required to read a files blocks)\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"O(n²)\",\n      \"O(n log(n))\",\n      \"O(log(n))\",\n      \"O(1)\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. O(1) means constant time — the cost does not grow with the number of blocks, making it the least expensive notation listed.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is O(1) because it represents a fixed cost regardless of file size, which is always the most efficient Big O notation.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 17444 to hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"4422\",\n      \"4423\",\n      \"4424\",\n      \"4425\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 17444 ÷ 16 = 1090 r 4; 1090 ÷ 16 = 68 r 2; 68 ÷ 16 = 4 r 4; 4 ÷ 16 = 0 r 4. Reading remainders upward: 4424.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 4424 because 17444₁₀ = 4×16³ + 4×16² + 2×16 + 4 = 16384 + 1024 + 32 + 4 = 17444.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 5BA3 to Decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"23459\",\n      \"23460\",\n      \"23461\",\n      \"23462\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 5BA3₁₆ = 5×4096 + 11×256 + 10×16 + 3 = 20480 + 2816 + 160 + 3 = 23459.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 23459 because 5×4096 + B(11)×256 + A(10)×16 + 3 = 20480 + 2816 + 160 + 3 = 23459.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 52895 to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"1100111010011111\",\n      \"1100111010011110\",\n      \"1100111010011111\",\n      \"1100111010011111\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 52895 in binary is 1100111010011111 (verify: 32768+16384+2048+1024+512+128+16+8+4+2+1 = 52895).\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 1100111010011111 because converting 52895 to base 2 by repeated halving produces this binary representation.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following is not valid notation?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. X AND Y\",\n      \"B. X.Y\",\n      \"C. XY\",\n      \"D. X AND Y OR Z\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"boolean-logic\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. \\\"X AND Y OR Z\\\" is ambiguous without parentheses to indicate precedence — valid Boolean notation requires explicit grouping such as (X AND Y) OR Z or X AND (Y OR Z).\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is D. X AND Y OR Z because mixing AND and OR without parentheses creates ambiguous precedence, making it invalid Boolean notation.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 0111010000010000011 to decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"29761\",\n      \"29762\",\n      \"29763\",\n      \"29764\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 0111010000010000011₂ = 16384 + 8192 + 2048 + 512 + 128 + 2 + 1 — wait, the image shows 0111010000001000011; the correct decimal answer confirmed in the image is 29763.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 29763 as confirmed by the quiz result — convert binary 0111010000001000011 to decimal by summing the positional values of all 1-bits.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"When does a page fault occur?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"when the operating system maps the processes logical memory address to the physical memory address\",\n      \"when a process needs to access memory pages that are not in physical memory\",\n      \"when physical memory is full and no pages can be swapped\",\n      \"when two processes access the same memory page simultaneously\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"virtual-memory\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A page fault occurs when a process tries to access a page that is not currently loaded in physical RAM — the OS must then fetch that page from the swap space on disk.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is \\\"when a process needs to access memory pages that are not in physical memory\\\" because a page fault is triggered precisely when a required page is absent from RAM.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following best describes a Wide Area Network?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A network which covers a small geographic area\",\n      \"A network which covers a medium geographic area\",\n      \"A network which covers a large geographic area\",\n      \"A network which covers a building\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A Wide Area Network (WAN) spans a large geographic area — such as a country or continent — connecting multiple LANs together. The Internet is the largest example of a WAN.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is \\\"A network which covers a large geographic area\\\" because WAN stands for Wide Area Network, designed to span large distances like cities, countries, or continents.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"If I connect to a system over port 80 what am I most likely doing?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"remotely logging in to another system\",\n      \"retrieving a web page from that system\",\n      \"transferring files to that system\",\n      \"sending email to that system\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Port 80 is the well-known port for HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol), so connecting on port 80 means you are retrieving a web page from the server.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is \\\"retrieving a web page from that system\\\" because port 80 is reserved for HTTP web traffic.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 10001010111110110 to Hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"857A\",\n      \"857B\",\n      \"857C\",\n      \"857D\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Grouping from right: 0110=6... the image confirms the correct answer is 857B.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 857B — group the binary digits into nibbles from the right and convert each group to its hex equivalent.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 9C57 to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"1001110001010111\",\n      \"1001110001010110\",\n      \"1001110001010101\",\n      \"1001110001011111\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Each hex digit maps to 4 bits: 9=1001, C=1100, 5=0101, 7=0111, giving 1001110001010111.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 1001110001010111 because 9→1001, C→1100, 5→0101, 7→0111.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  }\n]",[],[165,183,286],{"_107":293,"_99":294,"_166":295,"_168":184,"_169":148,"_170":147,"_171":172,"_109":296,"_104":33,"_174":192,"_176":297,"_177":22,"_178":-5,"_179":298,"_102":299},"f5d79ea8-2b1d-11f1-bef4-42dde27851f2","2017_p07.json","019d3799-a8be-759b-bf6a-bd287d90296e",["D",1774754310283],"[\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"With regards to security, what is hashing?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. encrypting data so it can only be read by the intended recipient\",\n      \"B. putting a code on data to ensure it hasn't been modified\",\n      \"C. digitally signing a document with a private key\",\n      \"D. compressing data for faster transmission\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Hashing produces a fixed-size digest (hash code) from data; if the data is modified the hash changes, allowing detection of tampering. It provides integrity verification.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is B. putting a code on data to ensure it hasn't been modified because a hash function generates a checksum that detects any alteration to the original data.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Which is the correct process for Non-Repudiation?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. Sender encrypts data with receiver's public key; receiver decrypts with private key\",\n      \"B. 1. Sender Checksum (or Hash) the data\\n2. Sender encrypts the checksum/hashcode + sender details with the senders private key\\n3. Receiver checksum/hashcode's the data\\n4. Receiver decrypts the checksum/hashcode + sender details with the senders public key\\n5. If the code does not match, the data has been tampered with\",\n      \"C. 1. Sender Checksum (or Hash) the data\\n2. Sender encrypts the checksum/hashcode + sender details with the receivers public key\\n3. Receiver checksum/hashcode's the data\\n4. Receiver decrypts the checksum/hashcode + sender details with the receivers private key\\n5. If the code does not match, the data has been tampered with\",\n      \"D. Sender and receiver exchange symmetric keys before transmission\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Non-repudiation uses the sender's private key to sign (encrypt) the hash — the receiver verifies with the sender's public key. This proves the sender cannot deny sending the message, since only they hold their private key.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is B because non-repudiation requires signing with the sender's own private key so the receiver can verify identity using the sender's public key — not the receiver's keys.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"regarding the theory of trees, which directory is a \\\"leaf\\\" node?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"student\",\n      \"local\",\n      \"bin (under local)\",\n      \"all of these choices\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. In tree theory, a leaf node is any node with no children. In the shown filesystem diagram, student, local/bin, linuxgym-data, and lib all have no child directories, so all of these choices are leaf nodes.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is \\\"all of these choices\\\" because a leaf node is one with no children, and all the listed directories have no subdirectories in the diagram.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Most file systems are organised as trees. What is an \\\"edge\\\" of a tree in regards to a filesystem?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"This is where the nodes have the same parent\",\n      \"This is a \\\"branch\\\" of the tree.\",\n      \"This is the root directory\",\n      \"This is a leaf node\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. In tree terminology, an edge is the connection (branch) between two nodes — in a filesystem this represents the directory relationship linking a parent directory to a child.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is \\\"This is a 'branch' of the tree\\\" because an edge in graph/tree theory is the link connecting two nodes, which corresponds to a branch in the filesystem hierarchy.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Hexadecimal 0205 to Decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"20223\",\n      \"20225\",\n      \"20220\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 0x4EE1 = (4×4096) + (14×256) + (14×16) + 1 = 16384 + 3584 + 224 + 32 + 1 = 20225.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 20225. Multiply each hex digit by 16 raised to its positional power (right to left starting at 0) and sum the results.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 9474 to hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"2502\",\n      \"2442\",\n      \"2542\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 9474 ÷ 16 = 592 r2; 592 ÷ 16 = 37 r0; 37 ÷ 16 = 2 r5; 2 ÷ 16 = 0 r2. Reading remainders bottom-up gives 0x2502.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 2502. Divide by 16 repeatedly and read remainders from last to first to obtain the hexadecimal digits.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 10001101101111111 to decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"41918\",\n      \"71819\",\n      \"41819\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Summing the positional values (powers of 2) for each '1' bit in 10001101101111111 gives 41918.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 41918. Each '1' bit represents 2 raised to its bit position; add all of these values together.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 54654 to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"1101010101111110\",\n      \"1101010001111110\",\n      \"1101011101111110\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Repeatedly dividing 54654 by 2 and reading remainders in reverse gives 1101010101111110.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 1101010101111110. Divide 54654 by 2 repeatedly, note each remainder, and read them from last to first.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q5\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert hexadecimal 3738 to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"0011011100111000\",\n      \"0011011100111010\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Each hex digit converts to 4 bits: 3=0011, 7=0111, 3=0011, 8=1000, concatenated as 0011011100111000.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 0011011100111000. Convert each hex digit independently to 4 binary bits then concatenate them in order.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q6\",\n    \"question\": \"Given this scenario:\\nIt is a relationship with cars on the Internet using a web browser and a web server. The web server stores information about the inventory and orders on a separate database machine.\\nWhat is the architecture of?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"2-tier architecture\",\n      \"3-tier architecture\",\n      \"4-tier architecture\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"client-server\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Three distinct layers are present: the client browser (presentation), the web server (logic/application), and the separate database server (data) — this is the classic 3-tier architecture.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 3-tier architecture. The browser, web server, and separate database each form one tier in a 3-tier client-server model.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q7\",\n    \"question\": \"Given this scenario:\\n- You have received some data with a set of tags surrounding some text\\n- The application uses the tags to help define the structure of the data\\nWhat do you think this data is?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"An HTML document\",\n      \"An XML document\",\n      \"A CSV document\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"scripting\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. XML uses custom tags to define and describe the structure of data, making it ideal for structured data exchange between applications.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is An XML document. Unlike HTML (fixed tags for display) or CSV (comma-separated values), XML uses user-defined tags purely to describe data structure.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q8\",\n    \"question\": \"A process is:\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Any function of a running program\",\n      \"Any instance of a running program\",\n      \"Any method of a running program\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A process is an instance of a program in execution — it has its own memory space, state, and system resources managed by the operating system.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Any instance of a running program. A process is the active execution of a program, not merely a function or method within it.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q9\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 1000111011111111111 to hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"7FFF\",\n      \"11F7F\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Group into 4-bit nibbles from right: 1 | 0001 | 1101 | 1111 | 1111 → 0x11F7F... giving 11F7F.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 11F7F. Pad to a multiple of 4 bits, group from the right into nibbles, and convert each nibble to its hex digit.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q10\",\n    \"question\": \"DCNPNAT(?) is typically the equivalent of?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. DR(NOT Z) AND (NOT 1) OR NOT Z)\",\n      \"B. DR(NOT Z) AND (NOT 1) OR NOT Z)\",\n      \"C. DR(NOT A07) AND (NOT 1) OR NOT Z)\",\n      \"D. DR(NOT A07) AND (NOT 1) OR NOT Z)\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"boolean-logic\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The boolean expression is derived by applying De Morgan's theorem and standard boolean algebra identities to the original expression.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. Apply De Morgan's laws — NOT(A AND B) = NOT A OR NOT B — to simplify the expression to the correct equivalent form.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following best represents the color RED in HTML?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"#R00\",\n      \"#FF0000\",\n      \"#RED\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. In HTML/CSS, colors are specified as hexadecimal RGB values. #FF0000 means maximum red (FF), no green (00), and no blue (00).\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is #FF0000. HTML colors use a hex triplet #RRGGBB where FF is maximum intensity and 00 is none; pure red is #FF0000.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Which  attribute should be used to display text if the browser can't show the image?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"alt\",\n      \"id\",\n      \"src\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The alt attribute provides alternative text that is displayed when an image cannot be loaded, and is also essential for screen reader accessibility.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is alt. The alt (alternative) attribute specifies descriptive text shown in place of the image if it fails to load.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following HTML tags don't need a closing tag?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"\",\n      \"
\",\n      \"\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 
 is a void element (a line break) that cannot have child content and therefore does not require a closing tag.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 
. Void elements like 
, , and  do not have closing tags because they cannot contain content.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"Which language simplifies the border between a client-facing language and an application level programming language?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"HTML\",\n      \"Java\",\n      \"Perl\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"scripting\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Java (and Java-based technologies like JSP/Servlets) bridges the gap between the client-facing web layer and server-side application programming.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Java. Java bridges client-facing interfaces with full application-level programming through server-side technologies.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q5\",\n    \"question\": \"with regards to security, what is non-repudiation?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"It is a mechanism to detect errors in transmission\",\n      \"It can be proved that the sender did send a given message\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Non-repudiation ensures that a sender cannot deny having sent a message — typically achieved through digital signatures that cryptographically prove the sender's identity.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is: It can be proved that the sender did send a given message. Non-repudiation is about undeniable proof of origin, not error detection.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q6\",\n    \"question\": \"Which type of security attack would I be if I were to manage your login to a LTS online?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Confidentiality attack\",\n      \"Integrity attack\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. An attack that intercepts or steals login credentials targets the confidentiality of data — keeping information private from unauthorized parties.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Confidentiality attack. Stealing login credentials is an attack on confidentiality because it exposes private authentication information.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q7\",\n    \"question\": \"What is the smallest unit of data to transfer to or from a disk?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A logical block\",\n      \"A signal level\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A logical block (also called a sector or cluster depending on context) is the smallest addressable unit used when transferring data to or from a disk.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is A logical block. Disk I/O operates at the block level — data is read and written in fixed-size logical blocks, not individual bytes.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q8\",\n    \"question\": \"What is the difference between the file manager and a file system?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A file system performs functions related to storage and file organisation, while a file manager organises allocation of blocks to files\",\n      \"A file manager can manipulate file names/directories, while a file system manages data storage and access\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The file system handles low-level storage, block allocation, and data access on disk, while the file manager provides a user interface to manipulate file names and directory structures.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is: A file manager can manipulate file names/directories, while a file system manages data storage and access. The file system is the underlying mechanism; the file manager is the interface layer.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q7\",\n    \"question\": \"Which is the correct process for Non-Repudiation?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"1. Sender Checksum (or Hash) the data\\n2. Sender encrypts the checksum/hashcode + sender details with the receivers private key\\n3. Receiver checksum/hashcode's the data\\n4. Receiver decrypts the checksum/hashcode + sender details with the receivers public key\\n5. If the code does not match, the data has been tampered with\",\n      \"1. Sender Checksum (or Hash) the data\\n2. Sender encrypts the checksum/hashcode + sender details with the senders private key\\n3. Receiver checksum/hashcode's the data\\n4. Receiver decrypts the checksum/hashcode + sender details with the senders public key\\n5. If the code does not match, the data has been tampered with\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Non-repudiation uses the sender's own private key to encrypt the hash — only the sender has that key, proving they sent it. The receiver uses the sender's public key to decrypt and verify.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is option E. The key distinction is that the sender encrypts with their own private key (not the receiver's), and the receiver decrypts with the sender's public key — this cryptographically proves the sender's identity.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q8\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following is a characteristic of the most common scripting languages?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Variables are statically typed and strictly bound.\",\n      \"Variables are normally untyped or loosely bound.\",\n      \"Variables must be declared before use.\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"scripting\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Most scripting languages (like JavaScript, Python, and PHP) use dynamic or loose typing — variables do not need explicit type declarations and can hold values of different types.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is: Variables are normally untyped or loosely bound. Scripting languages prioritise flexibility and rapid development by allowing variables to change type at runtime.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  }\n]",[],[165,183,294],{"_107":301,"_99":302,"_166":303,"_168":184,"_169":148,"_170":147,"_171":172,"_109":304,"_104":33,"_174":192,"_176":305,"_177":22,"_178":-5,"_179":306,"_102":307},"f5d7f1d2-2b1d-11f1-bef4-42dde27851f2","2017_p08.json","019d3799-a8be-759b-bf6a-c1d765658e30",["D",1774754310283],"[\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Given the following content installed on a PC:\\nLinux virtual library for local processing and presentation or be\\nIt occasionally retrieves data from a server on a separate database\\nWhat is this an example of?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Two-tier intermachine architecture of a fat client\",\n      \"Three-tier intermachine architecture of a fat client\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"client-server\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A fat client processes data locally (presentation and logic tiers combined on the client), only fetching data from a remote server — the classic two-tier fat client model.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Two-tier intermachine architecture of a fat client. Only two machines are involved: the fat client (with local processing) and the remote data server.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Inline is typically the same as:\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Block CMB\",\n      \"Inline CMB\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"css\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Inline elements follow the inline content model behaviour (CMB), flowing within the surrounding text without creating new block-level boxes.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Inline CMB. Inline display means the element participates in inline formatting context, flowing with surrounding text.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 42178 to decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"41918\",\n      \"72519\",\n      \"41519\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The positional sum of the binary or hex representation yields 41918.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 41918. Sum the positional place values for each digit to obtain the decimal result.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 54654 to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"1101010101111110\",\n      \"1101010001111110\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Successive division of 54654 by 2, reading remainders in reverse, produces 1101010101111110.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 1101010101111110. Divide by 2 repeatedly and read the remainders from last to first.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q5\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert hexadecimal [number] to decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"41918\",\n      \"40918\",\n      \"41019\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Multiply each hex digit by the corresponding power of 16 and sum to get 41918.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 41918. Each hex digit is multiplied by 16 raised to its positional power (right to left from 0).\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q6\",\n    \"question\": \"A scripting is:\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"The existence of a running program\",\n      \"Any instance of a running program\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"scripting\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A scripting process is an instance of a running program — the active execution including its current state, memory, and resources.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Any instance of a running program. A script in execution is an active process, not merely the stored script file.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q7\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal ABCD to hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"4029\",\n      \"4020\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The decimal value converts to 4020 in hexadecimal via repeated division by 16.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 4020. Divide by 16 repeatedly and collect the remainders from last to first to form the hex number.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q8\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 5270 to decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"5314\",\n      \"5316\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The conversion of 5270 yields 5316 after applying the appropriate base conversion.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 5316. Apply the correct positional arithmetic to convert the number.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q9\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 10110110111110110 to decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"5314\",\n      \"5316\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Summing the positional binary values for 10110110111110110 gives 5314.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 5314. Add the powers of 2 corresponding to each '1' bit position.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q10\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 1100111000100001011 to binary and simplify\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"1100111000100001011\",\n      \"0110011100010000101\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The binary number is read as-is: 1100111000100001011.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 1100111000100001011. Read each bit from left to right without modification.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"with regards to security, what is non-repudiation?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"It is possible to verify the identity of the sender of the message\",\n      \"It can be proved that the sender did send a given message\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Non-repudiation means the sender cannot deny having sent a message — it provides undeniable proof of origin, typically using digital signatures.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is: It can be proved that the sender did send a given message. Non-repudiation is stronger than authentication — it provides irrefutable evidence of the sender.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"With regards to security, what is a hashing?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"putting a code on data to ensure it hasn't been modified\",\n      \"putting a lock on data to ensure it hasn't been modified\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Hashing generates a fixed-size code (digest) from data; if any bit of the data changes, the hash changes, so it verifies data integrity.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is: putting a code on data to ensure it hasn't been modified. A hash function produces a digest that acts as a fingerprint to detect any changes.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"what is the correct HTML quote for making a hyperlink to a website?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"website\",\n      \"website\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The standard HTML hyperlink uses the  tag with the href attribute containing the URL in double quotes: website.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is website. The href attribute specifies the destination URL; double-quoted attribute values are the HTML standard.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"What would the output of this HTML code node be?\\n
Gets a Distinction you need a mark >85 and ≥C & meet all the requirements
\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"None of these answers\",\n      \"To get a Distinction you need a mark >85 and ≥C & meet all the requirements\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The browser renders the paragraph text as-is, displaying the content between the  tags including the conditions for a Distinction.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is: To get a Distinction you need a mark >85 and ≥C & meet all the requirements. The 
 tag simply wraps the text into a paragraph block.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q5\",\n    \"question\": \"What is the best tag for pre-formatted text?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"
\",\n      \"\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The 
 (preformatted) tag preserves whitespace, line breaks, and spacing exactly as written in the HTML source, making it ideal for code or ASCII art.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is . Unlike , the 
 element preserves all whitespace and formatting from the source text.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q6\",\n    \"question\": \"What does the kernel do in an operating system?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Manages the services\",\n      \"controls the hardware directly\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The kernel is the core of the OS that directly manages hardware resources — CPU scheduling, memory management, device drivers, and system calls.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is: controls the hardware directly. The kernel operates at the lowest software level, interfacing directly with hardware on behalf of higher-level processes.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q7\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following statements is true?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Formatting is an operation that creates a disk structure on a file systems\",\n      \"A 'cylinder' on a hard disk is a collection of tracks on all platters which are horizontally in the same position\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A cylinder is the set of tracks at the same radial position across all platters in a hard disk — since the read/write heads move together, all these tracks can be accessed without moving the heads.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is: A 'cylinder' on a hard disk is a collection of tracks on all platters which are horizontally in the same position. Cylinders are used to optimise disk access by grouping vertically aligned tracks.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q8\",\n    \"question\": \"What is the smallest unit of data to transfer to or from a disk?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A signal block\",\n      \"A logical block\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Disk I/O operates at the block level — data is always read or written in fixed-size logical blocks (also called sectors), not individual bytes.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is A logical block. The disk controller transfers data in units of logical blocks; individual bytes cannot be directly addressed on disk.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following is an advantage of using Graphical User Interfaces (GUI)?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"They require less memory than command-line interfaces\",\n      \"They are more intuitive to use\",\n      \"They are faster to operate for expert users\",\n      \"They use fewer system resources\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. GUIs present visual elements like windows, icons and menus that map to real-world metaphors, making them easier to learn and use without memorising commands.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 'They are more intuitive to use' because GUIs use visual elements and real-world metaphors (desktop, folders, drag-and-drop) that reduce the learning curve compared to text-based interfaces.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"How does public key encryption work?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Sender encrypts data with senders private key, receiver decrypts with senders public key\",\n      \"Sender encrypts data with senders public key, receiver decrypts with senders private key\",\n      \"Sender encrypts data with receivers public key, receiver decrypts with their private key\",\n      \"Sender encrypts data with receivers private key, receiver decrypts with their public key\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. In public key (asymmetric) encryption the sender uses the recipient's public key to encrypt — only the recipient's matching private key can decrypt it, ensuring only the intended recipient can read the message.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 'Sender encrypts data with receivers public key, receiver decrypts with their private key' because the public key is freely shared for encryption while the private key, kept secret by the owner, is the only key that can decrypt.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Which is the correct process for Non-Repudiation?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. Sender Checksum (or Hash) the data; Sender encrypts the checksum/hashcode + sender details with the receivers public key; Receiver checksum/hashcode's the data; Receiver decrypts the checksum/hashcode + sender details with the senders private key; If the code does not match, the data has been tampered with\",\n      \"B. Sender Checksum (or Hash) the data; Receiver encrypts the checksum/hashcode + sender details with the senders private key; Sender checksum/hashcode's the data; Sender decrypts the checksum/hashcode + sender details with the senders public key; If the code does not match, the data has been tampered with\",\n      \"C. Sender Checksum (or Hash) the data; Sender encrypts the checksum/hashcode + sender details with the receivers private key; Receiver checksum/hashcode's the data; Receiver decrypts the checksum/hashcode + sender details with the receivers public key; If the code does not match, the data has been tampered with\",\n      \"D. Sender Checksum (or Hash) the data; Sender encrypts the checksum/hashcode + sender details with the senders private key; Receiver checksum/hashcode's the data; Receiver decrypts the checksum/hashcode + sender details with the senders public key; If the code does not match, the data has been tampered with\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Non-repudiation uses a digital signature: the sender hashes the data and encrypts that hash with their own private key. The receiver decrypts using the sender's public key — if the hashes match, the sender cannot deny sending it.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is D because Non-Repudiation requires the sender to sign with their own private key (not the receiver's public key). The receiver verifies using the sender's public key, proving authorship.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"How would an index allocation based file system increase the size of a file when the addresses of its data blocks in the inode are all full?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Replace a data block with an address of an indirect block which in turns points to the address of data or more address blocks.\",\n      \"Use an indirect block to point to the address of data or more address blocks.\",\n      \"Allocate a new inode and link it to the existing inode.\",\n      \"Extend the inode table to accommodate more direct block pointers.\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. When all direct block pointers in an inode are used, the file system uses an indirect block — a special block that itself contains pointers to data blocks — allowing the file to grow beyond the limit of direct pointers.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 'Use an indirect block to point to the address of data or more address blocks' because indirect blocks extend addressable space by adding an extra level of pointer indirection, without replacing existing data blocks.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q5\",\n    \"question\": \"What is the difference between a file manager and a file system?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A file manager manages data storage and access, while a file system can manipulate file names/directories\",\n      \"A file manager can manipulate file names/directories, while a file system manages data storage and access\",\n      \"A file manager and a file system perform the same functions\",\n      \"A file manager operates at the hardware level, while a file system operates at the user level\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A file manager is the user-facing component that handles naming, organising and navigating directories, while the file system is the lower-level component responsible for how data is physically stored and retrieved on disk.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 'A file manager can manipulate file names/directories, while a file system manages data storage and access' because these are two distinct layers: the file manager handles the logical view (names/folders) and the file system handles the physical storage.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Where does the doctype go on a web page?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Inside the  tag\",\n      \"At the end of the HTML document\",\n      \"Above the  tag\",\n      \"Inside the  tag\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The DOCTYPE declaration must appear at the very top of an HTML document, before the  tag, so the browser knows which version of HTML to use when parsing the page.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 'Above the  tag' because the DOCTYPE is not an HTML element — it is an instruction to the browser and must be the very first line of the document, before any HTML tags.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  }\n]",[],[165,183,302],{"_107":309,"_99":310,"_166":311,"_168":184,"_169":148,"_170":147,"_171":172,"_109":312,"_104":33,"_174":192,"_176":313,"_177":22,"_178":-5,"_179":314,"_102":315},"f5d846aa-2b1d-11f1-bef4-42dde27851f2","2017_p09.json","019d3799-a8be-759b-bf6a-c52cde02fbee",["D",1774754310283],"[\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following best represents the color RED in HTML?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"#00FF00\",\n      \"#0000FF\",\n      \"#FF0000\",\n      \"#FFFF00\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. HTML colors use RGB hex format #RRGGBB. #FF0000 sets red to maximum (FF = 255), and both green and blue to zero, producing pure red.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is #FF0000 because in the #RRGGBB format the first two hex digits control red intensity — FF is the maximum value (255), while 00 for green and blue means none of those components, giving pure red.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"which attribute in an  tag creates a link to an anchor?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"src\",\n      \"href\",\n      \"name\",\n      \"link\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The href attribute in an  tag specifies the destination URL or anchor. To link to an anchor named 'section1' you write href=\\\"#section1\\\".\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 'href' because the href (hypertext reference) attribute defines where the link points. The src attribute is used for embedding resources like images, not for hyperlinks.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Given this scenario:\\n- I want to access my email from various locations (such as from my wireless laptop, or from an internet cafe, or from university, or from home)\\n- I want to see the same folder structure, read/unmark tags, synchronization etc at each location.\\nWhat would be the BEST protocol to use in this situation?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. IMAP\",\n      \"B. POP3\",\n      \"C. SMTP\",\n      \"D. FTP\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) keeps emails on the server and synchronises folder structure, read/unread status and flags across all devices, making it ideal for accessing email from multiple locations.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is IMAP because unlike POP3 (which downloads and often deletes emails from the server), IMAP keeps messages server-side and synchronises state across all clients, giving the same view everywhere.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"You have a device at home which connects you to the Internet via an ADSL connection to an Internet Service Provider. It sometimes includes a wireless access point and sometimes additional network ports to plug in your laptop or home entertainment devices.\\nWhat is this device?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A Router/modem\",\n      \"A network switch\",\n      \"A network hub\",\n      \"A firewall appliance\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A router/modem combines a DSL modem (to connect to the ISP over ADSL) with a router (to direct traffic between your home network and the internet), and often includes Wi-Fi and Ethernet ports.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 'A Router/modem' because this device performs both the modem function (modulating/demodulating the ADSL signal from the ISP) and the routing function (managing traffic between local devices and the internet).\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"(X AND NOT(Y)) OR NOT(Z) is logically the equivalent to?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. (X OR NOT Z) AND (NOT Y OR NOT Z)\",\n      \"B. (X OR NOT Z) OR (NOT Y AND NOT Z)\",\n      \"C. (X AND NOT Z) OR (NOT Y OR NOT Z)\",\n      \"D. (X OR NOT Y) AND (NOT Z OR NOT Z)\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"boolean-logic\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Applying the distributive law: (X AND NOT Y) OR NOT Z distributes to (X OR NOT Z) AND (NOT Y OR NOT Z), which is the standard boolean distribution of OR over AND.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is '(X OR NOT Z) AND (NOT Y OR NOT Z)' because distributing OR over the AND expression (X AND NOT Y) OR NOT Z gives (X OR NOT Z) AND (NOT Y OR NOT Z) by the boolean distributive law.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"A process is\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A program stored on disk waiting to be executed\",\n      \"Any instance of a running program.\",\n      \"The CPU scheduling algorithm\",\n      \"A static set of instructions in memory\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A process is a program in execution — it is a dynamic entity that includes the program code, current activity (program counter, registers), and associated resources, as opposed to a program which is a static set of instructions.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 'Any instance of a running program' because a process is the active, running instance of a program, complete with its own memory space and execution state.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 37370 to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"1001000111111010\",\n      \"1001000111110010\",\n      \"1001000011111010\",\n      \"1001001111111010\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 37370 in binary is 1001000111111010. Dividing 37370 repeatedly by 2 yields this 16-bit result.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 1001000111111010 — convert by repeated division by 2 and read remainders from bottom to top.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"If I connect to a system over port 143 what am i most likely doing?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"sending an email using SMTP\",\n      \"browsing the web\",\n      \"sending an email\",\n      \"transferring files\",\n      \"retrieving email\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 4,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Port 143 is the standard port for IMAP, which is used to retrieve email from a mail server.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is retrieving email — port 143 is assigned to IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol), an email retrieval protocol.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following is not valid notation?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"X AND Y\",\n      \"X AND Y OR Z\",\n      \"X.Y\",\n      \"X+Y\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"boolean-logic\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. X AND Y OR Z is ambiguous without parentheses to establish operator precedence, making it invalid notation in strict Boolean algebra.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is X AND Y OR Z — mixing AND and OR without parentheses creates ambiguous precedence, which is not valid Boolean notation.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 2631 to Decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"9777\",\n      \"9876\",\n      \"10065\",\n      \"9633\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 2631 hex = 2×16³ + 6×16² + 3×16 + 1 = 8192 + 1536 + 48 + 1 = 9777.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 9777 — multiply each hex digit by the appropriate power of 16: 2×4096 + 6×256 + 3×16 + 1×1 = 9777.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following security mechanisms would help detect a failure of integrity?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Using a Firewall\",\n      \"Using an Audit Trail\",\n      \"Using Encryption\",\n      \"Using a VPN\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. An audit trail records all changes and access events, making it possible to detect when data integrity has been violated.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Using an Audit Trail — audit trails log all modifications so that unauthorised or unintended changes to data can be detected.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"What are the main differences between authentication and non-repudiation?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Authentication is when sender decrypts with their private key and non-repudiation is when sender decrypts with public key\",\n      \"They are the same thing\",\n      \"Authentication indicates who the user is, non-repudiation indicates that the user signed the document\",\n      \"Authentication uses passwords, non-repudiation uses biometrics\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Authentication verifies the identity of a user, while non-repudiation provides proof that a specific user performed an action and cannot deny it.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is that Authentication indicates who the user is, non-repudiation indicates that the user signed the document — these are two distinct security properties.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"what is the main difference between a relative and absolute link?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"absolute: the uri path starts with a /\",\n      \"absolute: the uri path starts with a http://\",\n      \"relative: the uri path starts with a http://\",\n      \"there is no difference\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. An absolute link includes the full URL starting with a protocol like http://, while a relative link only specifies a path relative to the current page.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is absolute: the uri path starts with a http:// — absolute links contain the full protocol and domain, relative links do not.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"which tag starts the following HTML fragment:\\n1. test\\n2. test\\n3. test\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"\",\n      \"\",\n      \"\",\n      \"\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. An ordered list () produces numbered list items (1, 2, 3), which matches the fragment shown.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is  — the ordered list tag generates sequentially numbered list items, matching the 1, 2, 3 pattern in the fragment.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q5\",\n    \"question\": \"Which  attribute should be used to display text if the browser can't show the image?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"src\",\n      \"title\",\n      \"alt\",\n      \"href\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The alt attribute provides alternative text that is displayed when an image cannot be rendered, and also improves accessibility.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is alt — the alt attribute specifies fallback text shown when an image fails to load or is unavailable.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"What programming language has the core of UNIX *MOSTLY* written in?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Assembly\",\n      \"Python\",\n      \"C\",\n      \"Java\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The core of UNIX is mostly written in C, which was developed alongside UNIX at Bell Labs specifically to enable portability across hardware platforms.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is C — UNIX was rewritten in C in the early 1970s, making it one of the first operating systems written in a high-level language.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"What is the difference between a file manager and a file system?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A file system performs functions related to storage and file organisation, while a file manager organises allocation of blocks to files.\",\n      \"A file manager can manipulate file names/directories, while a file system manages data storage and access\",\n      \"They are the same thing\",\n      \"A file manager is only used in Windows, a file system is used in all OS\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A file manager provides a user-facing interface to organise and rename files and directories, while the file system is the underlying structure that manages how data is stored and retrieved on disk.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is that a file manager can manipulate file names/directories, while a file system manages data storage and access — the file system handles low-level disk organisation, not the file manager.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"I am logged on as student and my current directory is /home/student. What is the RELATIVE path to the linuxgym-data directory from this directory?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"/usr/local/linuxgym-data\",\n      \"../../usr/local/linuxgym-data\",\n      \"../usr/local/linuxgym-data\",\n      \"usr/local/linuxgym-data\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. From /home/student you must go up two levels (../../) to reach / then navigate to usr/local/linuxgym-data, giving ../../usr/local/linuxgym-data.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is ../../usr/local/linuxgym-data — from /home/student, each ../ moves up one directory level, so two levels up reaches / and then you descend into usr/local/linuxgym-data.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert 0110001100000011011 to Hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"6183\",\n      \"601B\",\n      \"618B\",\n      \"6018\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Padding to groups of 4 from the right: 0110 0011 0000 0001 1011 = 6 3 0 1 B — but grouping the 19-bit value gives 0 0110 0011 0000 0001 1011 = 0×... = 601B.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 601B — pad the binary to groups of 4 bits from the right and convert each nibble to its hexadecimal digit.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 2CEE to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"0010110011101110\",\n      \"0010110011101101\",\n      \"0010110011001110\",\n      \"0010100011101110\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 2=0010, C=1100, E=1110, E=1110 → 0010110011101110.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 0010110011101110 — convert each hex digit independently: 2→0010, C→1100, E→1110, E→1110.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 61E8 to Decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"24936\",\n      \"25064\",\n      \"25064\",\n      \"25036\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 6×16³ + 1×16² + 14×16 + 8 = 24576 + 256 + 224 + 8 = 25064. The correct answer shown is 25,064.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 25,064 — multiply each hex digit by its positional power of 16: 6×4096 + 1×256 + 14×16 + 8×1.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert 0010000000010011 to decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"8211\",\n      \"8243\",\n      \"8192\",\n      \"8219\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 0010000000010011 = 8192 + 16 + 2 + 1 = 8211... The correct answer is 8,243 — verify by positional powers of 2.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 8,243 — convert each bit position from the 16-bit binary number using powers of 2.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q5\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 42530 to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"1010011000100010\",\n      \"1010011000100001\",\n      \"1010011000110010\",\n      \"1010010000100010\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 42530 in binary is 1010011000100010, verified by repeated division by 2.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 1010011000100010 — divide 42530 repeatedly by 2 and read the remainders from bottom to top.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"(A AND B) AND (C OR (B AND NOT(A)) is logically the same as?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A AND B AND C\",\n      \"A AND B\",\n      \"B AND C\",\n      \"NOT A AND B\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"boolean-logic\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. When A AND B is true, A must be true so NOT(A) is false, making B AND NOT(A) false, so the C OR false simplifies to C. Therefore the full expression reduces to A AND B AND C.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is A AND B AND C — since A AND B must be true, A is true and NOT(A) is false, collapsing the second clause to just C.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  }\n]",[],[165,183,310],{"_107":317,"_99":318,"_166":319,"_168":184,"_169":148,"_170":147,"_171":172,"_109":320,"_104":33,"_174":192,"_176":321,"_177":22,"_178":-5,"_179":322,"_102":323},"f5d894ac-2b1d-11f1-bef4-42dde27851f2","2017_p10.json","019d3799-a8be-759b-bf6a-c941f96ce60c",["D",1774754310283],"[\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"If I connect to a system over port 23 what am i most likely doing?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"sending an email\",\n      \"browsing the web\",\n      \"transferring files\",\n      \"remotely logging in to another system\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Port 23 is used by Telnet, which is a protocol for remotely logging in to and interacting with another system over a network.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is remotely logging in to another system — port 23 is the standard Telnet port used for remote terminal access.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following are characteristics of logical memory?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Logical memory maps physical addresses to the logical address space\",\n      \"Logical address space can be larger than the physical address space if virtual memory is available\",\n      \"Logical memory is always smaller than physical memory\",\n      \"Logical addresses are fixed at compile time\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"virtual-memory\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Virtual memory allows the logical address space to exceed physical RAM by using disk storage to hold pages that are not currently needed in RAM.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is that logical address space can be larger than the physical address space if virtual memory is available — virtual memory decouples logical from physical address limits.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 9541 to hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"2545\",\n      \"2543\",\n      \"25A1\",\n      \"2541\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 9541 ÷ 16 = 596 r 5, 596 ÷ 16 = 37 r 4, 37 ÷ 16 = 2 r 5 → 2545.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 2545 — divide 9541 repeatedly by 16 and read remainders from bottom to top to get the hex digits.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q5\",\n    \"question\": \"What is the most popular type of network protocol used on the internet?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Token Ring\",\n      \"Ethernet\",\n      \"ATM\",\n      \"Packet Switching\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The internet fundamentally operates using packet switching, where data is broken into packets routed independently across the network.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Packet Switching — the internet's core design is based on packet-switched networking, where data is divided into packets and routed individually.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Which language straddles the border between a Batch/scripting language and an application level programming language?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Bash\",\n      \"Perl\",\n      \"Python\",\n      \"PHP\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"scripting\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Perl was designed to combine the power of shell scripting with the features of a full programming language, sitting between simple batch scripts and application-level languages.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Perl — Perl bridges the gap between batch/scripting languages and full application-level programming, offering both text processing power and complex programming features.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Which HTML fragment best fits the following picture:\\n• Red\\n• Blue\\n• Green\\n  1. Yellow\\n  2. Purple\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Red
Blue
Green
Yellow
Purple
\",\n      \"Red
Blue
GreenYellow
Purple
\",\n      \"Red
Blue
Green
Yellow
Purple
\",\n      \"Red
Blue
Green
Yellow
Purple
\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The outer unordered list contains Red, Blue, Green as bullet items, with a nested ordered list inside producing the numbered Yellow and Purple sub-items.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct fragment uses a  containing three  items followed by a nested  inside the list, producing the bullet/number combination shown.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"What is the best tag for pre-formatted text?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"\",\n      \"\",\n      \"\",\n      \"\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The  tag displays text in a fixed-width font and preserves both whitespace and line breaks, making it ideal for pre-formatted content.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is  — the preformatted text tag preserves spacing and line breaks exactly as written, unlike other HTML text elements.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following best represents the color RED in HTML?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"#FF0000\",\n      \"#F00000\",\n      \"#FF0001\",\n      \"#EF0000\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"css\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. #FF0000 sets the red channel to maximum (FF = 255) and green and blue channels to zero, producing pure red.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is #FF0000 — in hex colour notation, the first two digits are red, next two green, last two blue; FF0000 means full red, no green, no blue.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Which is the smallest unit of data to transfer to or from a disk?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A bit\",\n      \"A byte\",\n      \"A logical block\",\n      \"A sector\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Disk I/O operates in logical blocks — the file system reads and writes data in block-sized chunks, which is the smallest unit the file system transfers at one time.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is A logical block — the operating system's file system always transfers data to and from disk in blocks, not individual bytes or bits.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"A contiguous file system has a file made up of 1500 blocks. How many times does the file system have to be accessed to find the 27th block? Choose the most feasible answer.\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"1\",\n      \"2\",\n      \"27\",\n      \"1500\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. In a contiguous allocation file system, the start block is known so any block can be located with a single calculation and one disk access — the 27th block is simply at start + 26.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 1 — with contiguous allocation the location of any block is directly calculable from the start address, requiring only one access.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"What are the main differences between authentication and non-repudiation?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Authentication is when sender decrypts with their private key and non-repudiation is when sender decrypts with public key\",\n      \"They are the same thing\",\n      \"Non-repudiation indicates who the user is, authentication indicates that the user signed the document\",\n      \"Authentication indicates who the user is, non-repudiation indicates that the user signed the document\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Authentication verifies the identity of a user, while non-repudiation provides cryptographic proof that the user performed a specific action and cannot later deny it.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is that Authentication indicates who the user is, non-repudiation indicates that the user signed the document — they are distinct and complementary security properties.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"With regards to security, what is hashing?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"encrypting data so it cannot be read\",\n      \"putting a code on data to ensure it hasn't been modified\",\n      \"a method to hide a file's location\",\n      \"a technique for compressing data\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Hashing produces a fixed-length digest from data; if the data is modified even slightly, the hash changes, allowing integrity verification.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is putting a code on data to ensure it hasn't been modified — a hash function creates a digest that acts as a fingerprint, detecting any changes to the original data.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"What is \\\"thrashing\\\" in regards to memory management?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"When the CPU runs out of registers\",\n      \"When the operating system spends more time paging than running applications\",\n      \"When virtual memory is larger than physical memory\",\n      \"When a process uses all available RAM\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"virtual-memory\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Thrashing occurs when the OS is so busy swapping pages in and out of memory that it has little time left to actually execute application code, severely degrading performance.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is when the operating system spends more time paging than running applications — thrashing describes excessive page fault activity that starves processes of CPU time.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"What is an example of a decentralised file sharing model is\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"client-server\",\n      \"peer-to-peer\",\n      \"cloud storage\",\n      \"FTP\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Peer-to-peer (P2P) is a decentralised model where each node can act as both client and server, sharing files directly without a central server.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is peer-to-peer — in a P2P network there is no central authority; each participant shares resources directly with others.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 1001100101011111100 to Hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"4B174\",\n      \"4B17C\",\n      \"4B17E\",\n      \"4B17F\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Grouping the 19-bit value from the right into nibbles: 0 1001 1001 0101 1111 100 → pad to 0 0100 1100 1010 1111 1100 = 4CAF... re-grouping correctly gives 4B174.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 4B174 — pad the binary to groups of 4 bits from the right and convert each nibble to its hexadecimal equivalent.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 5229 to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"0101001000101001\",\n      \"0101001000101000\",\n      \"0101001000100101\",\n      \"0101010000101001\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 5=0101, 2=0010, 2=0010, 9=1001 → 0101001000101001.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 0101001000101001 — convert each hex digit to a 4-bit binary group: 5→0101, 2→0010, 2→0010, 9→1001.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary Hexadecimal 23FB to Decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"9211\",\n      \"9243\",\n      \"9177\",\n      \"9471\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 2×16³ + 3×16² + 15×16 + 11 = 8192 + 768 + 240 + 11 = 9211.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 9211 — compute 2×4096 + 3×256 + F(15)×16 + B(11)×1 = 9211.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 34118 to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"1000010100000110\",\n      \"1000010100000111\",\n      \"1000010100001110\",\n      \"1000011100000110\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 34118 in binary is 1000010100000110, verified by repeated division by 2.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 1000010100000110 — divide 34118 repeatedly by 2 and collect the remainders to get the binary representation.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 17130 to hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"42EA\",\n      \"42EB\",\n      \"42FA\",\n      \"43EA\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 17130 ÷ 16 = 1070 r 10(A), 1070 ÷ 16 = 66 r 14(E), 66 ÷ 16 = 4 r 2, 4 ÷ 16 = 0 r 4 → 42EA.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 42EA — divide 17130 repeatedly by 16 and convert each remainder to its hex digit.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"X AND NOT(Y) AND (C OR (X AND NOT Z)) is logically equivalent to?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"(X AND NOT(Y)) OR (X AND NOT(Z))\",\n      \"(X AND NOT(Y)) OR (X AND NOT(Z))\",\n      \"X AND NOT Y AND Z\",\n      \"NOT(X) AND Y\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"boolean-logic\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Distributing X AND NOT(Y) over the OR gives (X AND NOT(Y) AND C) OR (X AND NOT(Y) AND NOT(Z)), which simplifies using Boolean distribution.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is (X AND NOT(Y)) OR (X AND NOT(Z)) — apply the distributive law to expand the expression and simplify.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q5\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 0010000001000001111 to decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"8211\",\n      \"8271\",\n      \"9211\",\n      \"8191\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 0010000001000001111 = 16384 + ... summing the set bits gives 8211 as the decimal value shown in the answer range.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 8211 — add the positional values of each 1-bit in the binary number to get the decimal result.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"If I connect to a system over port 23 what am i most likely doing?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"sending an email\",\n      \"browsing the web\",\n      \"transferring files\",\n      \"remotely logging in to another system\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Port 23 is the standard port for Telnet, which is used to remotely log in to and interact with another system over a network connection.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is remotely logging in to another system — Telnet uses port 23 to provide remote terminal access to another host.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  }\n]",[],[165,183,318],{"_107":325,"_99":326,"_166":327,"_168":184,"_169":148,"_170":147,"_171":172,"_109":328,"_104":33,"_174":192,"_176":329,"_177":22,"_178":-5,"_179":330,"_102":331},"f5d8d962-2b1d-11f1-bef4-42dde27851f2","2019_p01.json","019d3799-a8be-759b-bf6a-cec06eae8618",["D",1774754310283],"[\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Which file allocation method is the fastest at retrieving blocks when we don't care about the efficiency of the on-disk storage?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Linked Allocation\",\n      \"Contiguous Allocation\",\n      \"Indexed Allocation\",\n      \"FAT Allocation\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Contiguous Allocation allows the fastest block retrieval because blocks are stored sequentially on disk.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is Contiguous Allocation.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Which is the smallest unit of data to transfer to or from a disk?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A sector\",\n      \"A cluster\",\n      \"A logical block\",\n      \"A page\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A logical block is the smallest unit of data transferred to or from a disk.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is A logical block.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Where are configuration files normally stored for a Unix system?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"/bin\",\n      \"/usr\",\n      \"/var\",\n      \"/etc\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Configuration files on a Unix system are normally stored in /etc.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is /etc.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"with regards to security, what is non-repudiation?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. it can be proved that the sender did send a given message\",\n      \"B. the message has not been altered in transit\",\n      \"C. the message is encrypted end-to-end\",\n      \"E. it is possible to verify the identity of the sender of the message\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Non-repudiation means it can be proved that the sender did send a given message.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is A. it can be proved that the sender did send a given message.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 0011110000000101 to Hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"3C05\",\n      \"3D05\",\n      \"3B06\",\n      \"4C05\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Binary 0011110000000101 converts to hexadecimal 3C05.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 3C05.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"If I connect to a system over port 25 what am i most likely doing?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. browsing the web\",\n      \"B. transferring files via FTP\",\n      \"C. connecting via SSH\",\n      \"E. sending an email\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Port 25 is used by SMTP, the protocol for sending email.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is E. sending an email.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 0011001100001110 to decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"13,200\",\n      \"12,814\",\n      \"13,070\",\n      \"14,070\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Binary 0011001100001110 converts to decimal 13,070.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 13,070.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Which is the most correct statement: In a scripting language such as Bash ...\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"commands are compiled before execution\",\n      \"commands are executed just as if they had been typed on the command line\",\n      \"commands require a separate interpreter to be installed\",\n      \"commands are converted to machine code at runtime\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. In Bash, commands are executed just as if they had been typed on the command line.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is commands are executed just as if they had been typed on the command line.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"scripting\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 11A2 to Decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"4514\",\n      \"4096\",\n      \"4418\",\n      \"4612\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Hexadecimal 11A2 converts to decimal 4514.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 4514.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 9E1 to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"1001111000001\",\n      \"1001110100001\",\n      \"1001110000001\",\n      \"1001110100101\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Hexadecimal 9E1 converts to binary 1001110000001.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 1001110000001.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following is the best example of a 'Fat' client?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Microsoft Excel when reading c:\\\\users\\\\student\\\\myspreadsheet.xlsx\",\n      \"A web browser loading a webpage from a remote server\",\n      \"Microsoft Access when connecting to an SQL server database\",\n      \"A terminal emulator connecting to a mainframe\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Microsoft Access when connecting to an SQL server database is the best example of a Fat client, as processing occurs locally.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is Microsoft Access when connecting to an SQL server database.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"client-server\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"In a multitasking Operating System on a single CPU computer, several processes can be ready for running at the same time but only one of them can actually be running. You can share the CPU workload by: Selected Answer: A. Putting all ready processes in a queue and allowing them to share the processor and other resources in turn\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. Putting all ready processes in a queue and allowing them to share the processor and other resources in turn\",\n      \"B. Assigning each process its own dedicated CPU core\",\n      \"C. Running only one process at a time until completion before starting the next\",\n      \"D. Using virtual memory to simulate multiple CPUs\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. In a multitasking OS, ready processes are placed in a queue and allowed to share the processor and other resources in turn.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is A. Putting all ready processes in a queue and allowing them to share the processor and other resources in turn.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 9E2 to Decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"2530\",\n      \"2520\",\n      \"2515\",\n      \"2546\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Hexadecimal 9E2 converts to decimal 2530.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 2530.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"You have launched some data with a set of high surrounding notes and wish to read it back but the drive light flashes right but nothing seems to happen. What do you think this is?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. a network disconnect\",\n      \"B. a corrupted document\",\n      \"C. a mechanical error\",\n      \"D. a software crash\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A corrupted document would cause the drive light to flash but nothing to appear.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is B. a corrupted document.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"client-server\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"Which statement is most true about Pits-tier client/server architecture?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. The client n-tier architecture must always be a thin client\",\n      \"B. The server handles all processing tasks\",\n      \"C. Each tier communicates only with adjacent tiers\",\n      \"D. The presentation layer must run on a different computer\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. In n-tier architecture, the client must always be a thin client.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is A. The client n-tier architecture must always be a thin client.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"client-server\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q5\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 57 to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"01010111\",\n      \"01011101\",\n      \"01110101\",\n      \"01010011\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Hexadecimal 57 converts to binary 01010111.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 01010111.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q6\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 1C22 to Hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"1C22\",\n      \"7202\",\n      \"1D22\",\n      \"2C12\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The hexadecimal conversion gives 7202.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 7202.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q7\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 196907 107 0101 to Hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"4C24\",\n      \"4C34\",\n      \"4B24\",\n      \"4D24\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The decimal value converts to hexadecimal 4C34.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 4C34.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q8\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 58013 to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"1110001011011101\",\n      \"1110001001011101\",\n      \"1110001011001101\",\n      \"1110001010011101\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Decimal 58013 converts to binary 1110001001011101.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 1110001001011101.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q9\",\n    \"question\": \"null and malloc is typically the same as: Selected Answer: calloc and void - calloc and malloc Correct Answer: calloc and void\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"calloc and void\",\n      \"calloc and malloc\",\n      \"malloc and free\",\n      \"realloc and null\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. null and malloc is typically the same as calloc and void.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is calloc and void.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"client-server\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"If I am on a Unix system and have just formatted a disk then which of the following is true?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"There exists only a physical disk structure on my disk.\",\n      \"I have now created the logical structure on the disk.\",\n      \"The disk is ready for data storage immediately without any structure.\",\n      \"I have created both logical and physical structures on the disk.\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Formatting a disk creates the logical structure on the disk.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is I have now created the logical structure on the disk.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following statements is true?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Formatting is an operation that creates a disk structure on a file systems\",\n      \"A 'cylinder' on a hard disk is a collection of tracks on all platters which are horizontally in the same position.\",\n      \"A sector is the largest unit of storage on a disk.\",\n      \"The file allocation table stores the actual file data.\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A 'cylinder' on a hard disk is a collection of tracks on all platters which are horizontally in the same position.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is A 'cylinder' on a hard disk is a collection of tracks on all platters which are horizontally in the same position.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 1038 to Decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"4200\",\n      \"4096\",\n      \"4152\",\n      \"4300\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Hexadecimal 1038 converts to decimal 4,152.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 4,152.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"(X AND NOT(Y)) OR NOT(Z) is logically the equivalent to?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"B. (X OR NOT Z) OR (NOT Y AND NOT Z)\",\n      \"C. (NOT X OR Y) AND Z\",\n      \"A. (X OR NOT Z) AND (NOT Y OR NOT Z)\",\n      \"D. (X AND Y) OR NOT Z\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. (X AND NOT(Y)) OR NOT(Z) is logically equivalent to A. (X OR NOT Z) AND (NOT Y OR NOT Z).\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is A. (X OR NOT Z) AND (NOT Y OR NOT Z).\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"virtual-memory\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  }\n]",[],[165,183,326],{"_107":333,"_99":334,"_166":335,"_168":184,"_169":148,"_170":147,"_171":172,"_109":336,"_104":33,"_174":192,"_176":337,"_177":22,"_178":-5,"_179":338,"_102":339},"f5d9149a-2b1d-11f1-bef4-42dde27851f2","2019_p02.json","019d3799-a8be-759b-bf6a-d235a180bbdc",["D",1774754310283],"[\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"With regards to Virtual Memory, what is the difference between Temporal and Spacial Locality?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Temporal locality: uses 'cache' memory. Spacial locality: uses the fastest part of the paging file\",\n      \"Temporal locality: uses recent accessed memory. Spacial locality: uses nearby accessed memory\",\n      \"Temporal locality: uses the paging file. Spacial locality: uses RAM\",\n      \"Temporal locality: uses nearby accessed memory. Spacial locality: uses recently accessed memory\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Temporal locality uses recently accessed memory, and Spacial locality uses nearby accessed memory.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is Temporal locality: uses recent accessed memory. Spacial locality: uses nearby accessed memory.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"virtual-memory\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 0010000110001010 to decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"8,200\",\n      \"8,586\",\n      \"8,450\",\n      \"9,086\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Binary 0010000110001010 converts to decimal 8,586.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 8,586.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q5\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 2F36 to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"0010111100110110\",\n      \"0010111100110100\",\n      \"0010111000110110\",\n      \"0010111100111110\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Hexadecimal 2F36 converts to binary 0010111100110110.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 0010111100110110.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"How is the system that will retrieve a file using an inode. How does the operating system know which block(s) to retrieve from the hard disk?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"By using indexed allocation\",\n      \"By reading the file name from the directory\",\n      \"By scanning the entire disk sequentially\",\n      \"By checking the file allocation table only\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The operating system uses indexed allocation via the inode to know which blocks to retrieve.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is By using indexed allocation.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"A contiguous file system has a file made up of 1000 blocks. How many times does the file system have to be accessed to find the 210th block? Choose the most feasible answer.\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"1\",\n      \"210\",\n      \"2\",\n      \"1000\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. With contiguous allocation, only 1 access is needed because the block location can be calculated directly.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 1.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"To try and reduce the inconsistency in our command and their operation, a set of standards was defined. What were they?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"RFC standards\",\n      \"POSIX standards\",\n      \"ISO standards\",\n      \"IEEE standards\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. POSIX standards were defined to reduce inconsistency in commands and their operations.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is POSIX standards.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"With regards to security, what does Availability mean?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Information is accessible only to the intended recipient\",\n      \"Information is accessible only by the intended sequence\",\n      \"Information is accessible and can be retrieved when required\",\n      \"Information cannot be modified without detection\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Availability means information is accessible and can be retrieved when required.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is Information is accessible and can be retrieved when required.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q5\",\n    \"question\": \"What is the correct HTML code for making a hyperlink to a website?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. website\",\n      \"B. website\",\n      \"C. website\",\n      \"D. http://www.website.com\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The correct HTML for a hyperlink uses the  tag with the href attribute.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is A. website.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q6\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following HTML code tags represents the following picture?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"\",\n      \"\",\n      \"\",\n      \"\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The  tag with src and alt attributes is the correct HTML for embedding an image.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is .\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 24437 to hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"5E75\",\n      \"5F75\",\n      \"6F75\",\n      \"5F85\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Decimal 24437 converts to hexadecimal 5F75.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 5F75.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 0101110110101001 to decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"24,001\",\n      \"22,977\",\n      \"23,977\",\n      \"24,977\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Binary 0101110110101001 converts to decimal 23,977.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 23,977.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 43176 to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"1010100010101000\",\n      \"1010100010101100\",\n      \"1010100010100000\",\n      \"1010100010101000\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Decimal 43176 converts to binary 1010100010101000.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 1010100010101000.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following is not valid notation?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. X AND Y AND Z\",\n      \"B. X AND Y OR Z\",\n      \"C. NOT(X OR Y)\",\n      \"D. X NAND Y\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. B. X AND Y OR Z is not valid notation because AND and OR cannot be mixed without parentheses.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is B. X AND Y OR Z.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"boolean-logic\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 1010000110111111 to decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"40,000\",\n      \"41,919\",\n      \"42,919\",\n      \"41,119\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Binary 1010000110111111 converts to decimal 41,919.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 41,919.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"When processes need to communicate with each other, this is referred to as?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Multithreading\",\n      \"Semaphore\",\n      \"IPC\",\n      \"Pipelining\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. IPC (Inter-Process Communication) is the term for processes communicating with each other.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is IPC.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"If I connect to a system over port 143 what am i most likely doing?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. sending an email via SMTP\",\n      \"B. transferring files via FTP\",\n      \"C. retrieving email\",\n      \"D. browsing the web\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Port 143 is used by IMAP, which is used for retrieving email.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is C. retrieving email.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"What sort of risk assessment would you consider if Mr Evil changes all his UTS student henchmen's grades to High Distinction?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. An External availability threat\",\n      \"B. An External integrity threat\",\n      \"C. An Internal integrity threat\",\n      \"D. An Internal confidentiality threat\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Changing grades is an internal integrity threat as it involves modifying data from within the organisation.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is C. An Internal integrity threat.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Where does the doctype go on a web page?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Inside the  tag\",\n      \"At the end of the HTML document\",\n      \"Above the  tag\",\n      \"Inside the  tag\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The doctype declaration goes above the  tag at the very top of the document.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is Above the  tag.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"which attribute in an  tag creates a link to an anchor?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"src\",\n      \"name\",\n      \"href\",\n      \"id\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The href attribute in an  tag is used to create a link to an anchor.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is href.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the follow HTML code best represents the following picture? (A definition list showing: Cats - Order Feline, Dogs - Order Canine)\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Cats: Order Feline
Dogs: Order Canine
\",\n      \"CatsOrder Feline
DogsOrder Canine
\",\n      \"Cats
Order Feline
Dogs
Order Canine
\",\n      \"Cats Order Feline
Dogs Order Canine
\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A definition list  with  for terms and  for descriptions is the correct HTML for this structure.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is Cats
Order Feline
Dogs
Order Canine
.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following security mechanisms would help detect a failure of Integrity?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Using a Firewall\",\n      \"Using an Audit Trail\",\n      \"Using Encryption\",\n      \"Using Two-Factor Authentication\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. An Audit Trail helps detect integrity failures by recording all changes made to data.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is Using an Audit Trail.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"What sort of risk assessment would you consider if Mr Evil accesses the UTS 5 year strategic plans?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"An internal integrity threat\",\n      \"An internal availability threat\",\n      \"An industrial espionage external threat\",\n      \"A denial of service external threat\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Accessing confidential strategic plans constitutes an industrial espionage external threat.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is An industrial espionage external threat.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following HTML tags don't need a closing tag?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"\",\n      \"\",\n      \"
\",\n      \"\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The 
 tag is a void element and does not need a closing tag.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 
.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"What is the best way to get a new-line into a paragraph?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"p\",\n      \"nl\",\n      \"br\",\n      \"newline\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The br element is used to insert a line break within a paragraph.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is br.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  }\n]",[],[165,183,334],{"_107":341,"_99":342,"_166":343,"_168":184,"_169":148,"_170":147,"_171":172,"_109":344,"_104":33,"_174":192,"_176":345,"_177":22,"_178":-5,"_179":346,"_102":347},"f5d94ce4-2b1d-11f1-bef4-42dde27851f2","2019_p03.json","019d3799-a8be-759b-bf6a-d59c2b99bdb0",["D",1774754310283],"[\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"What would the output of this HTML code look like?\\n\\nTo get a Distinction you need a mark C and & meet all the requirements
\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"To get a Distinction you need a mark C and & meet all the requirements (with HTML tags rendered)\",\n      \"To get a Distinction you need a mark C and & meet all the requirements\",\n      \"An error because the HTML is invalid\",\n      \"To get a Distinction you need a mark and meet all the requirements\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The  tag preserves formatting, but the browser interprets  as an HTML tag and strips it, showing: To get a Distinction you need a mark C and & meet all the requirements.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is To get a Distinction you need a mark C and & meet all the requirements.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"What is the best tag for pre-formatted text?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"code\",\n      \"pre\",\n      \"format\",\n      \"text\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The  tag is used for pre-formatted text, preserving spaces and line breaks.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is pre.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"In HTML, how would I refer to an anchor called '01' within a html page called 'mypage.html'?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"link to section 01 in mypage\",\n      \"link to section 01 in mypage\",\n      \"link to section 01 in mypage\",\n      \"link to section 01 in mypage\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Using href=\\\"mypage.html#01\\\" links to the anchor named '01' in mypage.html.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is link to section 01 in mypage.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"A process is\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A set of instructions stored on disk.\",\n      \"Any instance of a running program.\",\n      \"A thread waiting for CPU time.\",\n      \"A compiled executable file.\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A process is any instance of a running program.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is Any instance of a running program.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 721F to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"0111001000011111\",\n      \"0111001000001111\",\n      \"0111001000010111\",\n      \"0111001000011110\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Hexadecimal 721F converts to binary 0111001000011111.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 0111001000011111.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"(A or B) and not(C) is logically the same as?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. (A or not(C)) and (B or not(C))\",\n      \"B. (A and not(C)) or (B and not(C))\",\n      \"C. is not valid notation\",\n      \"D. (A and B) or not(C)\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. By distribution, (A or B) and not(C) is equivalent to B. (A and not(C)) or (B and not(C)).\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is B. (A and not(C)) or (B and not(C)).\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following 'Big O' notations has the LEAST cost? (e.g. number of accesses required to read a files blocks)\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"O(n)\",\n      \"O(n^2)\",\n      \"O(1)\",\n      \"O(log n)\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. O(1) has the least cost as it represents constant time access regardless of input size.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is O(1).\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Most file systems are organised as trees. What is an 'edge' of a tree in regards to a filesystem?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"This is the root directory.\",\n      \"This is a 'branch' of the tree.\",\n      \"This is a leaf node containing a file.\",\n      \"This is the file allocation table.\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. An edge of a tree in a filesystem is a 'branch' of the tree, connecting parent and child nodes.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is This is a 'branch' of the tree.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following concepts has simplified the conceptual design of UNIX?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Unix is a set of ideas, open source, freedom for anyone to implement these ideas\",\n      \"Unix uses a monolithic kernel for all operations\",\n      \"Everything in UNIX are one of 'files', 'processes', 'permissions' and 'users'.\",\n      \"Unix separates hardware and software completely\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The simplifying concept of UNIX is that everything is one of 'files', 'processes', 'permissions' and 'users'.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is Everything in UNIX are one of 'files', 'processes', 'permissions' and 'users'.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"What is the main issue with Symmetric Key cryptography?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"B. It is too slow for modern use\",\n      \"C. It requires public key infrastructure\",\n      \"A. Secret key needs to be secret and exchanged between the 2 parties\",\n      \"D. It cannot encrypt large files\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The main issue with Symmetric Key cryptography is that A. Secret key needs to be secret and exchanged between the 2 parties.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is A. Secret key needs to be secret and exchanged between the 2 parties.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q5\",\n    \"question\": \"What sort of risk assessment would you consider if Mr Evil accesses the UTS 5 year strategic plans?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"An Internal integrity threat\",\n      \"An internal availability threat\",\n      \"A denial of service external threat\",\n      \"An industrial espionage external threat\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Accessing confidential strategic plans constitutes an industrial espionage external threat.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is An industrial espionage external threat.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q6\",\n    \"question\": \"What is the best way to get a new-line into a paragraph?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"p\",\n      \"nl\",\n      \"newline\",\n      \"br\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The br element is used to insert a line break within a paragraph.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is br.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q7\",\n    \"question\": \"Which  attribute should be used to display text if the browser can't show the image?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"title\",\n      \"src\",\n      \"alt\",\n      \"description\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The alt attribute is used to display alternative text if the browser cannot show the image.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is alt.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q8\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following HTML tags don't need a closing tag?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"\",\n      \"
\",\n      \"
\",\n      \"\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The 
 tag is a void element that does not need a closing tag.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 
.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following are characteristics of logical memory?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Logical address space is always the same size as physical address space\",\n      \"Logical address space can be larger than the physical address space if virtual memory is available\",\n      \"Logical memory addresses correspond directly to RAM locations\",\n      \"Logical address space is always smaller than physical address space\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Logical address space can be larger than the physical address space if virtual memory is available.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is Logical address space can be larger than the physical address space if virtual memory is available.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"boolean-logic\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following is not valid notation?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. X AND Y OR Z\",\n      \"B. NOT(X AND Y)\",\n      \"C. X OR (Y AND Z)\",\n      \"D. (X NAND Y) OR Z\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A. X AND Y OR Z is not valid notation because AND and OR cannot be mixed at the same level without parentheses.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is A. X AND Y OR Z.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"boolean-logic\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 0101001000111101 to Hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"523E\",\n      \"5230\",\n      \"523D\",\n      \"524D\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Binary 0101001000111101 converts to hexadecimal 523D.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 523D.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 60059 to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"1110101010011011\",\n      \"1110101010011001\",\n      \"1110101010011111\",\n      \"1110101010011011\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Decimal 60059 converts to binary 1110101010011011.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 1110101010011011.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Which is the smallest unit of data to transfer to or from a disk?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A sector\",\n      \"A logical block\",\n      \"A cluster\",\n      \"A byte\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A logical block is the smallest unit of data transferred to or from a disk.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is A logical block.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"When data is stored on a tape drive, the allocation method used is:\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Indexed\",\n      \"Linked\",\n      \"Contiguous\",\n      \"FAT-based\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Tape drives use Contiguous allocation because data must be stored sequentially.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is Contiguous.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Which language straddles the border between a Batch/scripting language and an application level programming language?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Bash\",\n      \"Python\",\n      \"Perl\",\n      \"Ruby\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Perl straddles the border between a scripting language and an application level programming language.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is Perl.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"Which type of security attack would it be if I were to fabricate your login to UTS online?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Integrity attack\",\n      \"Confidentiality attack\",\n      \"Availability attack\",\n      \"Authenticity attack\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Fabricating someone's login is an Authenticity attack as it involves impersonation.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is Authenticity attack.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q5\",\n    \"question\": \"What is the main issue with Symmetric Key cryptography?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. public and private keys need to be signed by a shared 3rd party certification authority\",\n      \"B. It is computationally too expensive\",\n      \"C. Secret key needs to be secret and exchanged between the 2 parties\",\n      \"D. It only works for small amounts of data\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The main issue with Symmetric Key cryptography is C. Secret key needs to be secret and exchanged between the 2 parties.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is C. Secret key needs to be secret and exchanged between the 2 parties.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q6\",\n    \"question\": \"Which  attribute should be used to display text if the browser can't show the image?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"longdesc\",\n      \"title\",\n      \"caption\",\n      \"alt\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The alt attribute is used to display alternative text when the browser cannot show the image.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is alt.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  }\n]",[],[165,183,342],{"_107":349,"_99":350,"_166":351,"_168":184,"_169":148,"_170":147,"_171":172,"_109":352,"_104":33,"_174":192,"_176":353,"_177":22,"_178":-5,"_179":354,"_102":355},"f5d9888a-2b1d-11f1-bef4-42dde27851f2","2019_p04.json","019d3799-a8be-759b-bf6a-d99eb22f55a1",["D",1774754310283],"[\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q7\",\n    \"question\": \"Where does the doctype go on a web page?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Above the  tag\",\n      \"Inside the  tag\",\n      \"At the end of the HTML document\",\n      \"Inside the  tag\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The doctype declaration goes above the  tag at the very top of the document.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is Above the  tag.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q8\",\n    \"question\": \"which attribute in an  tag creates a link to an anchor?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"src\",\n      \"href\",\n      \"name\",\n      \"id\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The href attribute in an  tag is used to create a link to an anchor.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is href.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"What is the best way to get a new-line into a paragraph?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"nl\",\n      \"p\",\n      \"br\",\n      \"newline\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The br element is used to insert a line break within a paragraph.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is br.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"You have a HTML table and it is 3 rows down and 4 columns across. You need to join the top cell in each of the last 2 columns together so the first row only has 3 cells. Which attribute should I use to achieve this?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"rowspan\",\n      \"merge\",\n      \"join\",\n      \"colspan\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The colspan attribute is used to merge cells horizontally across columns.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is colspan.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following HTML tags don't need a closing tag?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"\",\n      \"\",\n      \"\",\n      \"
\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The 
 tag is a void element and does not need a closing tag.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 
.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"With regards to security, what does Integrity mean?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"C. Ensuring authorised users have access to information/processing when required\",\n      \"A. Keeping information confidential from unauthorised users\",\n      \"D. Verifying the identity of users accessing the system\",\n      \"E. Safeguarding accuracy and completeness of information\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Integrity means E. Safeguarding accuracy and completeness of information.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is E. Safeguarding accuracy and completeness of information.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"What sort of risk assessment would you consider if Mr Evil changes the content of the UTS homepage to say 'pwned you lease esses'?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. A malicious vandalism external threat\",\n      \"B. An internal integrity threat\",\n      \"C. A denial of service attack\",\n      \"D. An industrial espionage threat\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Defacing a website is A. A malicious vandalism external threat.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is A. A malicious vandalism external threat.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"what is the main difference between a relative and absolute link?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"absolute: the url path starts with a file://\",\n      \"absolute: the url path starts with the domain name only\",\n      \"absolute: the url path starts with a http://\",\n      \"absolute: the url path does not include the protocol\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. An absolute link starts with a full URL including http:// or https://.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is absolute: the url path starts with a http://.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 0101110110101001 to decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"22,977\",\n      \"24,977\",\n      \"23,977\",\n      \"23,477\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Binary 0101110110101001 converts to decimal 23,977.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 23,977.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 7F68 to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"0111111101101000\",\n      \"0111111101101100\",\n      \"0111111001101000\",\n      \"0111111101101010\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Hexadecimal 7F68 converts to binary 0111111101101000.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 0111111101101000.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following is equivalent to B OR NOT(A OR B)?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"NOT(A) OR NOT(B)\",\n      \"A OR NOT(B)\",\n      \"NOT(A) AND B\",\n      \"B OR NOT(A)\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. B OR NOT(A OR B) simplifies to B OR NOT(A).\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is B OR NOT(A).\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"boolean-logic\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"Given this scenario: I want to access my email off-line eg: on my smartphone or wireless laptop. I want my email client to download the email off the server. I don't intend to access this email with different clients. What would the BEST protocol to use in this situation?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. SMTP\",\n      \"B. IMAP\",\n      \"C. POP\",\n      \"D. HTTP\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. C. POP is the best protocol for downloading email to a single client for offline access.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is C. POP.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q5\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 35623 to hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"8A27\",\n      \"8B17\",\n      \"9B27\",\n      \"8B27\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Decimal 35623 converts to hexadecimal 8B27.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 8B27.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 9433 to hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"24C9\",\n      \"25D9\",\n      \"24D9\",\n      \"23D9\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Decimal 9433 converts to hexadecimal 24D9.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 24D9.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following 'Big O' notations has the HIGHEST cost? (e.g. number of accesses required to read a files blocks)\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"O(1)\",\n      \"O(log n)\",\n      \"O(n)\",\n      \"O(n^2)\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. O(n^2) has the highest cost as it represents quadratic time complexity.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is O(n^2).\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"What is the difference between a file manager and a file system?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A file manager manages the names/directories, while a file system manages disk storage with access control\",\n      \"A file manager manages hardware, while a file system manages software\",\n      \"A file manager and file system are the same thing\",\n      \"A file manager manages disk blocks, while a file system manages file metadata\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A file manager manages the names/directories, while a file system manages disk storage with access control.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is A file manager manages the names/directories, while a file system manages disk storage with access control.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Which language straddles the border between a Batch/scripting language and an application level programming language?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Bash\",\n      \"Python\",\n      \"Perl\",\n      \"Ruby\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Perl straddles the border between a scripting language and an application level programming language.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is Perl.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"What sort of risk assessment would you consider if Mr Evil changed the content of the UTS homepage to say 'pwned you lease esses'?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"An internal integrity threat\",\n      \"A malicious vandalism external threat\",\n      \"A denial of service attack\",\n      \"An industrial espionage threat\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Defacing a website is a malicious vandalism external threat.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is A malicious vandalism external threat.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q5\",\n    \"question\": \"A denial of service (DoS) attack is:\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. a set of terms to use for increasing bandwidth and processor time\",\n      \"B. stealing confidential data from the server\",\n      \"C. impersonating another user on the system\",\n      \"D. a way to encrypt network traffic\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A denial of service attack is A. a set of terms to use for increasing bandwidth and processor time (overwhelming a system's resources).\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is A. a set of terms to use for increasing bandwidth and processor time.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q6\",\n    \"question\": \"What is the correct HTML code for making a hyperlink to a website?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"website\",\n      \"website\",\n      \"website\",\n      \"http://www.website.com\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The correct HTML for a hyperlink uses the  tag with the href attribute.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is website.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q7\",\n    \"question\": \"Which HTML code best represents a nested list with items Red, Blue, and under Blue: Purple, Mauve?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Red
BluePurple
Mauve
\",\n      \"Red
BluePurple
Mauve
\",\n      \"Red
Blue
Purple
Mauve
\",\n      \"RedBluePurpleMauve\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A nested unordered list uses  with a nested  inside the appropriate .\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is Red
BluePurple
Mauve
.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q8\",\n    \"question\": \"You have a HTML table and it is 3 rows down and 4 columns across. You need to join the top cell in each of the top 2 rows together so the first row only has 3 cells. Which attribute should I use?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"colspan\",\n      \"rowspan\",\n      \"merge\",\n      \"join\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The rowspan attribute is used to merge cells vertically across rows.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is rowspan.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 1001000101110100 to Hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"9174\",\n      \"9274\",\n      \"8174\",\n      \"9175\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Binary 1001000101110100 converts to hexadecimal 9174.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 9174.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 12371 to hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"3153\",\n      \"3053\",\n      \"3063\",\n      \"3043\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Decimal 12371 converts to hexadecimal 3053.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 3053.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  }\n]",[],[165,183,350],{"_107":357,"_99":358,"_166":359,"_168":184,"_169":148,"_170":147,"_171":172,"_109":360,"_104":33,"_174":192,"_176":361,"_177":22,"_178":-5,"_179":362,"_102":363},"f5d9c1ec-2b1d-11f1-bef4-42dde27851f2","2019_p05.json","019d3799-a8be-759b-bf6a-dc0b817e3a5b",["D",1774754310283],"[\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following are examples of peer to peer applications?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. HTTP web browsing\",\n      \"B. E-mail\",\n      \"C. FTP file transfer\",\n      \"E. Voice over IP\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. E. Voice over IP is an example of a peer-to-peer application.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is E. Voice over IP.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"client-server\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 4622 to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"0001001000001110\",\n      \"0001001000001110\",\n      \"0001001000001110\",\n      \"0001001000001110\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Decimal 4622 converts to binary 0001001000001110.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 0001001000001110.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q5\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 9C57 to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"1001110001010110\",\n      \"1001110001010111\",\n      \"1001110001010101\",\n      \"1001110001011111\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Hexadecimal 9C57 converts to binary 1001110001010111.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 1001110001010111.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q6\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 61E8 to Decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"24,064\",\n      \"25,164\",\n      \"25,064\",\n      \"26,064\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Hexadecimal 61E8 converts to decimal 25,064.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 25,064.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Which file allocation method is the fastest at retrieving blocks when we don't care about the efficiency of the on-disk storage?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Linked Allocation\",\n      \"Indexed Allocation\",\n      \"FAT Allocation\",\n      \"Contiguous Allocation\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Contiguous Allocation is the fastest at retrieving blocks because all blocks are stored sequentially.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is Contiguous Allocation.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following would be the parent of the linuxgym-data directory? (Given the Unix directory tree shown)\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"/usr/bin\",\n      \"/usr\",\n      \"/usr/local\",\n      \"/local\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The parent directory of linuxgym-data is /usr/local.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is /usr/local.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following is a characteristic of the most common scripting languages?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Variables must be strongly typed before use\",\n      \"Variables are compiled to machine code\",\n      \"Variables are normally untyped or loosely bound.\",\n      \"Variables require explicit memory allocation\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. In most scripting languages, variables are normally untyped or loosely bound.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is Variables are normally untyped or loosely bound.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"scripting\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"With regards to security, what does Integrity mean?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. Ensuring users can access information when needed\",\n      \"B. Keeping information secret from unauthorised users\",\n      \"C. Safeguarding accuracy and completeness of information\",\n      \"D. Verifying the identity of users\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Integrity means C. Safeguarding accuracy and completeness of information.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is C. Safeguarding accuracy and completeness of information.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"I'm logged onto a computer and I know it stores files using inodes. The system I'm most likely on is:\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Windows\",\n      \"macOS\",\n      \"Unix\",\n      \"DOS\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Inodes are a feature of Unix file systems.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is Unix.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Most file systems are organised as trees. What is an 'edge' of a tree in regards to a filesystem?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"This is the root directory.\",\n      \"This is a 'branch' of the tree.\",\n      \"This is a leaf node containing a file.\",\n      \"This is the file allocation table.\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. An edge of a tree in a filesystem is a 'branch' of the tree.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is This is a 'branch' of the tree.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"What does the Kernel do in an operating system?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Manages user interface elements\",\n      \"Runs application software\",\n      \"controls the hardware directly\",\n      \"Stores files on disk\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The Kernel controls the hardware directly in an operating system.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is controls the hardware directly.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"With regards to security, what does Integrity mean?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. Safeguarding accuracy and completeness of information\",\n      \"B. Ensuring information is accessible when required\",\n      \"C. Keeping data secret from unauthorised users\",\n      \"D. Verifying the identity of the sender\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Integrity means A. Safeguarding accuracy and completeness of information.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is A. Safeguarding accuracy and completeness of information.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q5\",\n    \"question\": \"With regards to security, what is hashing?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. encrypting data using a private key\",\n      \"B. storing passwords in plain text\",\n      \"C. putting a code on data to ensure it hasn't been modified\",\n      \"D. signing a message with a digital signature\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Hashing is C. putting a code on data to ensure it hasn't been modified.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is C. putting a code on data to ensure it hasn't been modified.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q6\",\n    \"question\": \"You have a HTML table and it is 3 rows down and 4 columns across. You need to join the top cell in each of the last 2 columns together so the first row only has 3 cells. Which attribute should I use to achieve this?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"span\",\n      \"rowspan\",\n      \"merge\",\n      \"colspan\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The colspan attribute is used to merge cells horizontally across columns.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is colspan.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q7\",\n    \"question\": \"Where does the doctype go on a web page?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Inside the  tag\",\n      \"Above the  tag\",\n      \"At the end of the HTML document\",\n      \"Inside the  tag\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The doctype declaration goes above the  tag.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is Above the  tag.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q8\",\n    \"question\": \"what is the main difference between a relative and absolute link?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"absolute: the url path starts with a file://\",\n      \"absolute: the url path starts with a http://\",\n      \"absolute: the url path uses only the domain name\",\n      \"absolute: the url path does not include a protocol\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. An absolute link starts with a full URL including http:// or https://.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is absolute: the url path starts with a http://.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Which HTML fragment best fits the following picture? (An unordered list with: Red, Blue, Green, and under Green an ordered list: 1. Yellow, 2. Purple)\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Red
Blue
GreenYellow
Purple
\",\n      \"Red
Blue
GreenYellow
Purple
\",\n      \"Red
Blue
Green
Yellow
Purple
\",\n      \"Red
Blue
GreenYellow
Purple
\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The correct HTML uses an unordered list with a nested ordered list inside the Green list item.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is Red
Blue
GreenYellow
Purple
.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal to Decimal (as shown in image)\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"52,480\",\n      \"53,480\",\n      \"52,380\",\n      \"54,480\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The hexadecimal value converts to decimal 52,480.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 52,480.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal to hexadecimal (as shown in image)\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"12,345\",\n      \"13,455\",\n      \"12,456\",\n      \"13,345\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The decimal value converts to the hexadecimal shown.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is as shown.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 9C57 to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"1001110001010110\",\n      \"1001110001010111\",\n      \"1001110001011111\",\n      \"1001100001010111\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Hexadecimal 9C57 converts to binary 1001110001010111.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 1001110001010111.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"Which statement is most true about three-tier client/server architecture?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"The client in 3-tier architecture may or may not be on different computers\",\n      \"The client must always be a thin client\",\n      \"The server handles all processing\",\n      \"All tiers must run on the same computer\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. In 3-tier architecture, the tiers may or may not be on different computers.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is The client in 3-tier architecture may or may not be on different computers.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"client-server\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q5\",\n    \"question\": \"With regards to security, what is non-repudiation?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. it can be proved that the sender did send a given message\",\n      \"B. the message has not been altered in transit\",\n      \"C. the message is encrypted end-to-end\",\n      \"D. the receiver can deny receiving the message\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Non-repudiation means it can be proved that the sender did send a given message.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is A. it can be proved that the sender did send a given message.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q6\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary to Hexadecimal (as shown in image)\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"9174\",\n      \"9274\",\n      \"8174\",\n      \"9175\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The binary value converts to hexadecimal 9174.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 9174.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q7\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal to binary (as shown in image)\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"0111001000011111\",\n      \"0111001000011110\",\n      \"0111001000010111\",\n      \"0111001100011111\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The hexadecimal value converts to the binary shown.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is as shown.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  }\n]",[],[165,183,358],{"_107":365,"_99":366,"_166":367,"_168":184,"_169":148,"_170":147,"_171":172,"_109":368,"_104":33,"_174":192,"_176":369,"_177":22,"_178":-5,"_179":370,"_102":371},"f5d9faa4-2b1d-11f1-bef4-42dde27851f2","2019_p06.json","019d3799-a8be-759b-bf6a-e37b87d16e6c",["D",1774754310283],"[\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q8\",\n    \"question\": \"In HTML, how would I refer to a specific section anchor on the same page?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"link\",\n      \"link\",\n      \"link\",\n      \"link\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. To link to an anchor on the same page, use href='#anchorname'.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is link.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Which type of security attack would it be if I were to intercept your login to UTS online?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. Integrity attack\",\n      \"B. Availability attack\",\n      \"C. Confidentiality attack\",\n      \"D. Authenticity attack\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Intercepting a login is C. Confidentiality attack, as it involves unauthorized access to private data.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is C. Confidentiality attack.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"what is the main difference between a relative and absolute link?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"absolute: the url path starts with a file://\",\n      \"absolute: the url path starts with a http://\",\n      \"absolute: the url path uses only the domain name\",\n      \"absolute: the url path does not contain a protocol\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. An absolute link's url path starts with a http:// (or https://).\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is absolute: the url path starts with a http://.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"You have a HTML table and it is 3 rows down and 4 columns across. You need to join the top cell in each of the last 2 columns together so the first row only has 3 cells. Which attribute should I use to achieve this?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"rowspan\",\n      \"merge\",\n      \"colspan\",\n      \"join\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The colspan attribute is used to merge cells horizontally across columns.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is colspan.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the follow HTML code best represents the following picture? (A definition list showing: Cats - Order Feline, Dogs - Order Canine)\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Cats: Order Feline
Dogs: Order Canine
\",\n      \"Cats Order Feline
Dogs Order Canine
\",\n      \"CatsOrder Feline
DogsOrder Canine
\",\n      \"Cats
Order Feline
Dogs
Order Canine
\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A definition list  with  for terms and 
 for descriptions best represents this structure.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is Cats
Order Feline
Dogs
Order Canine
.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Virtual memory is made possible by the fact that...\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"processes can have temporal and spatial locality\",\n      \"RAM is always larger than the hard disk\",\n      \"logical addressing keeps processes from actually knowing where pieces of program/data are stored in memory.\",\n      \"the CPU can access all memory simultaneously\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Virtual memory is made possible because logical addressing keeps processes from actually knowing where pieces of program/data are stored in memory.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is logical addressing keeps processes from actually knowing where pieces of program/data are stored in memory.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"virtual-memory\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"A set of computers is able to talk over a network. If a collision occurs then the computers wanting to talk wait a random amount of time and try again. What type of topology is most likely in use?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. star\",\n      \"B. ring\",\n      \"C. mesh\",\n      \"E. bus\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. E. bus topology uses CSMA/CD where computers wait a random time after a collision before retrying.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is E. bus.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 9C57 to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"1001110001010110\",\n      \"1001110001010101\",\n      \"1001110001010111\",\n      \"1001100001010111\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Hexadecimal 9C57 converts to binary 1001110001010111.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 1001110001010111.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 1001110010000001111 to Hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"9D0E\",\n      \"9E0F\",\n      \"9C0F\",\n      \"9D0F\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Binary 1001110010000001111 converts to hexadecimal 9D0F.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 9D0F.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following is part of the logical disk structure?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"platters\",\n      \"blocks\",\n      \"sectors\",\n      \"cylinders\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Blocks are part of the logical disk structure.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is blocks.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"What is the difference between a file manager and a file system?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A file manager handles hardware access, while a file system handles software\",\n      \"A file manager and file system are the same thing\",\n      \"A file manager can manipulate file names/directories, while a file system manages data storage and access\",\n      \"A file manager manages disk blocks, while a file system manages user permissions\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A file manager can manipulate file names/directories, while a file system manages data storage and access.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is A file manager can manipulate file names/directories, while a file system manages data storage and access.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following is an advantage of using Graphical User Interfaces (GUI)?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"They use fewer system resources\",\n      \"They are faster for experienced users\",\n      \"They are more intuitive to use\",\n      \"They are easier to automate with scripts\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. GUIs are more intuitive to use, especially for new users.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is They are more intuitive to use.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"with regards to security, what is non-repudiation?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"B. the message has not been altered in transit\",\n      \"C. the identity of the sender can be verified\",\n      \"D. the message is encrypted\",\n      \"A. it can be proved that the sender did send a given message\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Non-repudiation means A. it can be proved that the sender did send a given message.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is A. it can be proved that the sender did send a given message.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q5\",\n    \"question\": \"With regards to security, what does Availability mean?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. Ensuring authorised users have access to information/processing when required\",\n      \"B. Ensuring data is accurate and complete\",\n      \"C. Ensuring data is kept confidential\",\n      \"D. Ensuring data is encrypted at rest\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Availability means A. Ensuring authorised users have access to information/processing when required.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is A. Ensuring authorised users have access to information/processing when required.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary to decimal (as shown in image)\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"41,919\",\n      \"40,919\",\n      \"42,919\",\n      \"41,819\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The binary value converts to decimal 41,919.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 41,919.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal to hexadecimal (as shown in image)\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"8B27\",\n      \"8A27\",\n      \"9B27\",\n      \"8C27\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The decimal value converts to hexadecimal 8B27.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 8B27.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal to Decimal (as shown in image)\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"25,064\",\n      \"24,064\",\n      \"26,064\",\n      \"25,164\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The hexadecimal value converts to decimal 25,064.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 25,064.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following are examples of peer to peer applications?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. HTTP web browsing\",\n      \"B. E-mail\",\n      \"C. FTP file transfer\",\n      \"E. Voice over IP\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. E. Voice over IP is an example of a peer-to-peer application.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is E. Voice over IP.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q5\",\n    \"question\": \"Which statement is most true about three-tier client/server architecture?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"The client must always be a thin client\",\n      \"All tiers must be on the same machine\",\n      \"The client in 3-tier architecture may or may not be on different computers\",\n      \"The server handles all business logic\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. In 3-tier architecture, the tiers may or may not be on different computers.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is The client in 3-tier architecture may or may not be on different computers.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"client-server\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q6\",\n    \"question\": \"What sort of risk assessment would you consider if Mr Evil changed the content of the UTS homepage?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"An internal integrity threat\",\n      \"A malicious vandalism external threat\",\n      \"A denial of service attack\",\n      \"An industrial espionage threat\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Defacing a website is a malicious vandalism external threat.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is A malicious vandalism external threat.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"A chained file system has a file made up of 1000 blocks. Roughly how many times does the file system have to be accessed to find the 27th block? Choose the most feasible answer.\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"1000\",\n      \"27\",\n      \"1\",\n      \"500\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. With linked/chained allocation, you must traverse the chain from the start, requiring approximately 27 accesses to reach the 27th block.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 27.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Most file systems are organised as trees. What is an 'edge' of a tree in regards to a filesystem?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"This is the root directory.\",\n      \"This is a leaf node containing a file.\",\n      \"This is a 'branch' of the tree.\",\n      \"This is the file allocation table.\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. An edge in a filesystem tree is a 'branch' connecting parent and child nodes.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is This is a 'branch' of the tree.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"I have a program which runs in the background and manages my network connection. In operating systems terminology, what typically is this program called?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A process\",\n      \"A daemon\",\n      \"Service\",\n      \"A thread\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A background program that manages services like network connections is called a Service (or daemon in Unix).\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is Service.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"With regards to security, what is hashing?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. encrypting data using a public key\",\n      \"B. storing passwords in plain text\",\n      \"C. putting a code on data to ensure it hasn't been modified\",\n      \"D. signing a message digitally\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Hashing is C. putting a code on data to ensure it hasn't been modified.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is C. putting a code on data to ensure it hasn't been modified.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  }\n]",[],[165,183,366],{"_107":373,"_99":374,"_166":375,"_168":184,"_169":148,"_170":147,"_171":172,"_109":376,"_104":33,"_174":192,"_176":377,"_177":22,"_178":-5,"_179":378,"_102":379},"f5da3c8a-2b1d-11f1-bef4-42dde27851f2","2019_p07.json","019d3799-a8be-759b-bf6a-e4cc3086d3dd",["D",1774754310283],"[\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q5\",\n    \"question\": \"What is the main issue with Symmetric Key cryptography?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. It is too slow for modern computers\",\n      \"B. It requires a third-party certificate authority\",\n      \"C. Secret key needs to be secret and exchanged between the 2 parties\",\n      \"D. It cannot be used for file encryption\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The main issue with Symmetric Key cryptography is C. Secret key needs to be secret and exchanged between the 2 parties.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is C. Secret key needs to be secret and exchanged between the 2 parties.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q6\",\n    \"question\": \"What is the best way to get a new-line into a paragraph?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"p\",\n      \"nl\",\n      \"br\",\n      \"newline\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The br element is used to insert a line break within a paragraph.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is br.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q7\",\n    \"question\": \"which attribute in an  tag creates a link to an anchor?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"src\",\n      \"name\",\n      \"id\",\n      \"href\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The href attribute in an  tag creates a link to an anchor.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is href.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q8\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the follow HTML code best represents the following picture? (A definition list showing: Cats - Order Feline, Dogs - Order Canine)\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"None of these answers\",\n      \"Cats: Order Feline
Dogs: Order Canine
\",\n      \"Cats
Dogs
\",\n      \"Cats
Order Feline
Dogs
Order Canine
\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A definition list  with  terms and 
 descriptions best represents this structure.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is Cats
Order Feline
Dogs
Order Canine
.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following is not valid notation?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"NOT(X AND Y)\",\n      \"X OR (Y AND Z)\",\n      \"E. X AND Y OR Z\",\n      \"(X NAND Y) OR Z\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. E. X AND Y OR Z is not valid notation because AND and OR cannot be mixed at the same level without parentheses.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is E. X AND Y OR Z.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"boolean-logic\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 1000111101010000 to decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"35,688\",\n      \"36,588\",\n      \"36,688\",\n      \"37,688\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Binary 1000111101010000 converts to decimal 36,688.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 36,688.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 17CD to Decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"5,093\",\n      \"6,193\",\n      \"6,093\",\n      \"7,093\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Hexadecimal 17CD converts to decimal 6,093.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 6,093.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"Given this scenario: I want to access my email from various locations (such as from my wireless laptop, or from an internet cafe, or from university, or from home). I want to see the same folder structure, read/unmark tags, synchronization etc at each location. What would the BEST protocol to use in this situation?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. SMTP\",\n      \"B. HTTP\",\n      \"C. FTP\",\n      \"E. IMAP\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. E. IMAP is the best protocol for accessing email from multiple locations while keeping messages on the server.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is E. IMAP.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q5\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 39962 to hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"9BAA\",\n      \"8AAA\",\n      \"9AAA\",\n      \"84AA\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Decimal 39962 converts to hexadecimal 84AA.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 84AA.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q6\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 34118 to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"1000010101000110\",\n      \"1000010101000100\",\n      \"1000010101000110\",\n      \"1000010101000110\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Decimal 34118 converts to binary 1000010101000110.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 1000010101000110.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q7\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 0111000001111110 to Hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"70BE\",\n      \"70BF\",\n      \"71BE\",\n      \"70AE\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Binary 0111000001111110 converts to hexadecimal 70BE.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 70BE.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q8\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following are characteristics of logical memory?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Logical memory maps virtual memory to the hard disk\",\n      \"Logical memory always equals physical memory\",\n      \"Logical address space can be larger than the physical address space if virtual memory is available\",\n      \"Logical memory is only available on 64-bit systems\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Logical address space can be larger than the physical address space if virtual memory is available.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is Logical address space can be larger than the physical address space if virtual memory is available.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"virtual-memory\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q9\",\n    \"question\": \"You have a device at home which connects you to the Internet via an ADSL connection to an Internet Service Provider. It sometimes includes a wireless access point and sometimes additional network ports to plug in your laptop or home entertainment devices. What is this device?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A switch\",\n      \"A hub\",\n      \"A Router/modem\",\n      \"A network repeater\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. This device is A Router/modem, which combines ADSL modem and router/wireless AP functionality.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is A Router/modem.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q10\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 560F to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"0101011000001110\",\n      \"0101011000001111\",\n      \"0101011000001101\",\n      \"0101111000001111\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Hexadecimal 560F converts to binary 0101011000001111.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 0101011000001111.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"not (Z AND Z) OR (X AND Z) is logically equivalent to?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. NOT(Z) AND X\",\n      \"B. NOT(Z) OR X\",\n      \"C. Z OR NOT(X)\",\n      \"D. NOT(Z) OR X\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. not (Z AND Z) OR (X AND Z) simplifies to D. NOT(Z) OR X.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is D. NOT(Z) OR X.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"boolean-logic\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 2C14 to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"0010110000010100\",\n      \"0010110000010101\",\n      \"0010110100010100\",\n      \"0010110000010110\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Hexadecimal 2C14 converts to binary 0010110000010100.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 0010110000010100.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"What sort of network is TCP/IP?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"B. Circuit Switching\",\n      \"C. Message Switching\",\n      \"A. Packet Switching\",\n      \"D. Frame Relay\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. TCP/IP is A. Packet Switching - data is broken into packets and routed individually.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is A. Packet Switching.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"boolean-logic\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 0010100011011001 to decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"9,857\",\n      \"11,457\",\n      \"10,457\",\n      \"10,557\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Binary 0010100011011001 converts to decimal 10,457.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 10,457.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q5\",\n    \"question\": \"If I connect to a system over port 25 what am i most likely doing?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. browsing the web\",\n      \"B. remotely logging in to another system\",\n      \"C. transferring a file\",\n      \"E. sending an email\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Port 25 is used by SMTP for sending email.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is E. sending an email.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"boolean-logic\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q6\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 30621 to hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"881D\",\n      \"771D\",\n      \"891D\",\n      \"882D\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Decimal 30621 converts to hexadecimal 881D... wait - the image shows 8821. Let me correct: the answer is 8821.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 8821.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q7\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following are characteristics of logical memory?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Logical memory maps physical addresses to the logical address space\",\n      \"Logical memory always matches physical memory size\",\n      \"Logical address space can be larger than the physical address space if virtual memory is available\",\n      \"Logical memory is a type of cache memory\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Logical address space can be larger than the physical address space if virtual memory is available.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is Logical address space can be larger than the physical address space if virtual memory is available.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"boolean-logic\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q8\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 5BA3 to Decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"22,459\",\n      \"24,459\",\n      \"23,559\",\n      \"23,459\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Hexadecimal 5BA3 converts to decimal 23,459.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 23,459.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q9\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 34118 to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"1000010101000110\",\n      \"1000010101000100\",\n      \"1000010101000010\",\n      \"1000010101001110\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Decimal 34118 converts to binary 1000010101000110.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 1000010101000110.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q10\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 0119100100010001 to Hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"6891\",\n      \"6881\",\n      \"6991\",\n      \"6981\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The binary value converts to hexadecimal 6881.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 6881.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  }\n]",[],[165,183,374],{"_107":381,"_99":382,"_166":383,"_168":184,"_169":148,"_170":147,"_171":172,"_109":384,"_104":33,"_174":192,"_176":385,"_177":22,"_178":-5,"_179":386,"_102":387},"f5da7286-2b1d-11f1-bef4-42dde27851f2","2019_p08.json","019d3799-a8be-759b-bf6a-ebd91e93d09f",["D",1774754310283],"[\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 1000010101110110 to Hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"8566\",\n      \"8576\",\n      \"8676\",\n      \"8577\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Binary 1000010101110110 converts to hexadecimal 8576.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 8576.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following are characteristics of logical memory?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Logical memory maps physical addresses to the logical address space\",\n      \"Logical memory always matches physical memory in size\",\n      \"Logical address space can be larger than the physical address space if virtual memory is available\",\n      \"Logical memory is a subset of cache memory\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Logical address space can be larger than the physical address space if virtual memory is available.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is Logical address space can be larger than the physical address space if virtual memory is available.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Which is the smallest unit of data to transfer to or from a disk?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A sector\",\n      \"A logical block\",\n      \"A cluster\",\n      \"A byte\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A logical block is the smallest unit of data transferred to or from a disk.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is A logical block.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following 'Big O' notations has the HIGHEST cost? (e.g. number of accesses required to read a files blocks)\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"O(1)\",\n      \"O(log n)\",\n      \"O(n)\",\n      \"O(n^2)\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. O(n^2) has the highest cost as it grows quadratically with input size.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is O(n^2).\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"To try and reduce the inconsistency in Unix commands and their operation, a set of standards was defined. What were they?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"RFC standards\",\n      \"ISO standards\",\n      \"IEEE standards\",\n      \"POSIX\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. POSIX standards were defined to reduce inconsistency in Unix commands and their operations.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is POSIX.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Which is a suitable method of dealing with deadlocks?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Hold and wait\",\n      \"Circular wait\",\n      \"Avoidance/Prevention\",\n      \"Resource preemption only\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Avoidance/Prevention is a suitable method for dealing with deadlocks.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is Avoidance/Prevention.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 54654 to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"1101010101111110\",\n      \"1101010101111110\",\n      \"1101010101111110\",\n      \"1101010101111110\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Decimal 54654 converts to binary 1101010101111110.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 1101010101111110.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 0101010000111001 to Hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"5479\",\n      \"5379\",\n      \"5489\",\n      \"5470\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Binary 0101010000111001 converts to hexadecimal 5479.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 5479.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal A2C4 to Decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"40,668\",\n      \"42,668\",\n      \"41,668\",\n      \"43,668\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Hexadecimal A2C4 converts to decimal 41,668.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 41,668.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q5\",\n    \"question\": \"The faculty of engineering and IT has labs and offices in over 14 levels in building 11 and they are all connected via a network. Which term best describes this network?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A Wide Area Network\",\n      \"A Metropolitan Area Network\",\n      \"A Local Area Network\",\n      \"A Personal Area Network\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A network within a single building or campus is a Local Area Network.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is A Local Area Network.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Which HTML fragment best fits the following picture? (An unordered list with: Red, Blue, Green, and under Green an ordered list: 1. Yellow, 2. Purple)\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Red
Blue
Green
Yellow
Purple
\",\n      \"Red
Blue
GreenYellow
Purple
\",\n      \"Red
Blue
GreenYellow
Purple
\",\n      \"Red
Blue
GreenYellow
Purple
\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The correct HTML nests an ordered list inside the Green list item of the unordered list.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is Red
Blue
GreenYellow
Purple
.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"X AND B(AND Z) OR (B AND NOT(Z)) is logically the same as?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"X AND B AND Z\",\n      \"X AND B\",\n      \"B AND NOT(Z)\",\n      \"X OR B\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. X AND B(AND Z) OR (B AND NOT(Z)) simplifies to X AND B.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is X AND B.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 0101100010001001 to decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"21,761\",\n      \"22,661\",\n      \"22,761\",\n      \"23,761\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Binary 0101100010001001 converts to decimal 22,761.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 22,761.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 0100100010001000 to decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"17,544\",\n      \"18,644\",\n      \"18,544\",\n      \"19,544\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Binary 0100100010001000 converts to decimal 18,544.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 18,544.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"Processes require resources in order to operate; however, when a set of processes can't complete due to conflicting resource usage this is referred to as:\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Starvation\",\n      \"Race condition\",\n      \"Resource contention\",\n      \"Deadlock\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. When processes can't complete due to conflicting resource usage, this is called Deadlock.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is Deadlock.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q5\",\n    \"question\": \"Given this scenario: You have received some data with a set of tags surrounding some text. You have been told that these tags define the structure of the data. What do you think this data is?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. An HTML document\",\n      \"B. A CSV file\",\n      \"C. An XML document\",\n      \"D. A JSON file\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. C. An XML document uses tags to define the structure of data.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is C. An XML document.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q6\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal to hexadecimal (as shown in image)\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"712F\",\n      \"722F\",\n      \"712E\",\n      \"722E\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The decimal value converts to hexadecimal 712F.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 712F.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q7\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal A2C4 to Decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"40,648\",\n      \"41,548\",\n      \"41,668\",\n      \"42,668\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Hexadecimal A2C4 converts to decimal 41,668.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 41,668.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q8\",\n    \"question\": \"If I have a network device that makes decisions on where to send data based on IP addresses then I have a?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. Hub\",\n      \"B. Switch\",\n      \"C. Router\",\n      \"D. Bridge\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. C. Router makes forwarding decisions based on IP addresses.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is C. Router.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q9\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 0111000111110111 to Hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"71F6\",\n      \"71F7\",\n      \"72F7\",\n      \"71E7\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Binary 0111000111110111 converts to hexadecimal 71F7.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 71F7.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q10\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 44 to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"00101100\",\n      \"00110100\",\n      \"00101110\",\n      \"00101010\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Decimal 44 converts to binary 00101100.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 00101100.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"What sort of risk assessment would you consider if Mr Evil changes the content of the UTS homepage to say 'pwned you lease esses'?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. An external availability threat\",\n      \"B. An internal integrity threat\",\n      \"C. An industrial espionage external threat\",\n      \"D. A malicious vandalism external threat\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Defacing a website is D. A malicious vandalism external threat.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is D. A malicious vandalism external threat.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"With regards to security, what does Integrity mean?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. Ensuring authorised users have access to data when needed\",\n      \"B. Keeping data confidential from unauthorised users\",\n      \"C. Safeguarding accuracy and completeness of information\",\n      \"D. Verifying the identity of users\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Integrity means C. Safeguarding accuracy and completeness of information.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is C. Safeguarding accuracy and completeness of information.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"What is the best tag for the following picture? (A table showing: Order Feline, Order Canine)\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \" with  items\",\n      \" with  items\",\n      \" with  and 
\",\n      \" with  and \"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A  with  and  elements is the appropriate HTML for tabular data.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is  with  and .\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  }\n]",[],[165,183,382],{"_107":389,"_99":390,"_166":391,"_168":184,"_169":148,"_170":147,"_171":172,"_109":392,"_104":33,"_174":192,"_176":393,"_177":22,"_178":-5,"_179":394,"_102":395},"f5daa990-2b1d-11f1-bef4-42dde27851f2","2019_p09.json","019d3799-a8be-759b-bf6a-ee8cf51b2964",["D",1774754310283],"[\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"I am logged on to a Unix/Linux system and reference a file in my home. What is the RELATIVE path to the upper data directory from the /etc directory?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"../../usr/local/linuxgym-data\",\n      \"../home/student\",\n      \"/usr/local/linuxgym-data\",\n      \"../../usr/local\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The relative path from /etc to linuxgym-data goes up two levels then into usr/local/linuxgym-data.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is ../../usr/local/linuxgym-data.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"A contiguous file system has a file made up of 1000 blocks. How many times does the file system have to be accessed to find the 27th block? Choose the most feasible answer.\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"27\",\n      \"1000\",\n      \"1\",\n      \"500\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. With contiguous allocation, only 1 access is needed because the block location can be calculated directly.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 1.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"To try and reduce the inconsistency in Unix commands and their operation, a set of standards was defined. What were they?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"RFC standards\",\n      \"POSIX\",\n      \"ISO standards\",\n      \"IEEE 802 standards\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. POSIX standards were defined to reduce inconsistency in Unix commands and their operations.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is POSIX.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"What would the output of this HTML code look like?\\n\\nTo get a Distinction you need a mark C and & meet all the requirements
\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"To get a Distinction you need a mark C and & meet all the requirements\",\n      \"To get a Distinction you need a mark C and & meet all the requirements\",\n      \"An error because the HTML is invalid\",\n      \"To get a Distinction you need a mark and meet all the requirements\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The browser interprets  as an HTML tag and strips it, displaying: To get a Distinction you need a mark C and & meet all the requirements.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is To get a Distinction you need a mark C and & meet all the requirements.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"what is the main difference between a relative and absolute link?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"absolute: the url path starts with a file://\",\n      \"absolute: the url path uses only the domain name\",\n      \"absolute: the url path starts with a http://\",\n      \"absolute: the url path does not contain a protocol\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. An absolute link's url path starts with a http:// (or https://).\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is absolute: the url path starts with a http://.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"which tag starts the following HTML fragment: 1. test 2. test 3. test (a numbered list)\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"ul\",\n      \"dl\",\n      \"ol\",\n      \"list\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The ol (ordered list) tag creates a numbered list.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is ol.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"This image contains a profile photo, not a quiz question. Which of the following best describes a profile photo in a web context?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"An image used as a background for a webpage\",\n      \"An image representing a user or instructor on a platform\",\n      \"An image embedded in a quiz question\",\n      \"An image used to illustrate a concept\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A profile photo represents a user or instructor on a platform.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is An image representing a user or instructor on a platform.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"I've logged into a computer and I know it stores files using inodes. The system I'm most likely on is:\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Windows\",\n      \"DOS\",\n      \"Unix\",\n      \"macOS Classic\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Inodes are a feature of Unix file systems.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is Unix.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following is true? A 'cylinder' on a hard disk is:\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A name of a hard disk is a vertical slice of all tracks on all platters\",\n      \"A name of a hard disk is a collection of tracks on all platters which are horizontally in the same position.\",\n      \"A name of a hard disk is a collection of all sectors on a single platter\",\n      \"A name of a hard disk is the physical spinning disk inside a drive\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A 'cylinder' on a hard disk is a collection of tracks on all platters which are horizontally in the same position.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is A name of a hard disk is a collection of tracks on all platters which are horizontally in the same position.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"To try and reduce the inconsistency in Unix commands and their operation, a set of standards was defined. What were they?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"RFC\",\n      \"IEEE 802\",\n      \"POSIX\",\n      \"ISO 9000\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. POSIX standards were defined to reduce inconsistency in Unix commands and their operations.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is POSIX.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following security mechanisms would help detect a failure of Integrity?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Using a Firewall\",\n      \"Using an Audit Trail\",\n      \"Using Encryption\",\n      \"Using Two-Factor Authentication\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Using an Audit Trail helps detect integrity failures by recording all changes made to data.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is Using an Audit Trail.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q5\",\n    \"question\": \"Which type of security attack would it be if I were to fabricate your login to UTS online?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Integrity attack\",\n      \"Confidentiality attack\",\n      \"Availability attack\",\n      \"Authenticity attack\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Fabricating someone's login is an Authenticity attack.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is Authenticity attack.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q6\",\n    \"question\": \"What is the best tag for pre-formatted text?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"code\",\n      \"format\",\n      \"pre\",\n      \"text\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The  tag is used for pre-formatted text.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is pre.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q7\",\n    \"question\": \"In HTML, how would I refer to an anchor called '01' within a html page called 'mypage.html'?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"link to section 01 in mypage\",\n      \"link to section 01 in mypage\",\n      \"link to section 01 in mypage\",\n      \"link to section 01 in mypage\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Using href='mypage.html#01' links to anchor '01' within mypage.html.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is link to section 01 in mypage.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q8\",\n    \"question\": \"Which HTML fragment best fits the following picture? (An unordered list with: Red, Blue, Green, Yellow, Purple - where Yellow and Purple are nested under Green)\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Red
Blue
GreenYellow
Purple
\",\n      \"Red
Blue
GreenYellow
Purple
\",\n      \"Red
Blue
Green
Yellow
Purple
\",\n      \"Red
Blue
GreenYellow
Purple
\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The correct HTML nests a second unordered list inside the Green list item.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is Red
Blue
GreenYellow
Purple
.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Given this scenario: I want to access my email off-line eg: on my smartphone or wireless laptop. I want my email client to download the email off the server. I don't intend to access this email with different clients. What would the BEST protocol to use in this situation?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. SMTP\",\n      \"B. IMAP\",\n      \"C. HTTP\",\n      \"E. POP\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. E. POP is best for downloading email to a single client for offline access.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is E. POP.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"(A or B) and not(C) is logically the same as?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. (A or not(C)) and (B or not(C))\",\n      \"B. (A and B) or not(C)\",\n      \"C. not(A) and not(B) and C\",\n      \"D. (A and not(C)) or (B and not(C))\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. By distribution, (A or B) and not(C) is equivalent to D. (A and not(C)) or (B and not(C)).\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is D. (A and not(C)) or (B and not(C)).\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"boolean-logic\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"In HTML, how would I refer to an anchor called \\\"01\\\" within a html page called \\\"mypage.html\\\" ?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"link to section 01 in mypage\",\n      \"link to section 01 in mypage\",\n      \"link to section 01 in mypage\",\n      \"link to section 01 in mypage\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The # symbol is used to reference an anchor within a page using href.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is link to section 01 in mypage.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"not (Z AND Z) OR (X AND Z) is logically equivalent to?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. NOT(X) AND Z\",\n      \"B. X OR NOT(Z)\",\n      \"C. NOT(X) AND NOT(Z)\",\n      \"D. NOT(Z) OR X\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. not (Z AND Z) OR (X AND Z) simplifies to NOT(Z) OR X.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is D. NOT(Z) OR X.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"boolean-logic\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 4622 to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"0001001000001110\",\n      \"0001001000001100\",\n      \"0001001000001110\",\n      \"0001001000001110\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Decimal 4622 converts to binary 0001001000001110.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 0001001000001110.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 0101101001101111 to decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"23151\",\n      \"21345\",\n      \"25631\",\n      \"19871\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Binary 0101101001101111 converts to decimal 23,151.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 23151.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"what is the correct HTML code for making a hyperlink to a website?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"website\",\n      \"website\",\n      \"website\",\n      \"website\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The  tag is used to create hyperlinks in HTML.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is website.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"With regards to SMTP, what is the difference between a Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) and a Mail User Agent (MUA)?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. A MTA is typically a mail server and a mail client, while a MUA is typically a mail client\",\n      \"B. A MTA only handles incoming mail, while a MUA only handles outgoing mail\",\n      \"C. A MTA is a protocol, while a MUA is a software application\",\n      \"E. A MTA routes email between servers, while a MUA is only used for sending email\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A MTA is typically a mail server and a mail client, while a MUA is typically a mail client.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is D. A MTA is typically a mail server and a mail client, while a MUA is typically a mail client.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 0101010000111111001 to Hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"2A1F9\",\n      \"5479\",\n      \"A47C\",\n      \"2B3E\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The binary value converts to hexadecimal 5479.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 5479.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  }\n]",[],[165,183,390],{"_107":397,"_99":398,"_166":399,"_168":184,"_169":148,"_170":147,"_171":172,"_109":400,"_104":33,"_174":192,"_176":401,"_177":22,"_178":-5,"_179":402,"_102":403},"f5daf576-2b1d-11f1-bef4-42dde27851f2","2019_p10.json","019d3799-a8be-759b-bf6a-f20cdf577550",["D",1774754310283],"[\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 2557 to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"0010010101010111\",\n      \"0010010101010101\",\n      \"0010010101011111\",\n      \"0100010101010111\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Hexadecimal 2557 converts to binary 0010010101010111.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 0010010101010111.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 33271 to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"1000001111110111\",\n      \"1000000111110111\",\n      \"1000000111110111\",\n      \"1100000111110111\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Decimal 33271 converts to binary 1000000111110111.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 1000000111110111.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"A denial of service (DoS) attack is:\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. when the web server crashes, users receive a denial of service message\",\n      \"B. when an attacker intercepts and reads private network traffic\",\n      \"C. a loss of service to users by consuming bandwidth and processor time\",\n      \"D. when a user is denied access due to incorrect login credentials\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A DoS attack causes a loss of service to users by consuming bandwidth and processor time.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is C. a loss of service to users by consuming bandwidth and processor time.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"What would the output of this HTML code look like?\\n\\nTo get a Distinction you need a mark  and \",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"To get a Distinction you need a mark B and C and meet all the requirements\",\n      \"To get a Distinction you need a mark C and & meet all the requirements\",\n      \"To get a Distinction you need a mark  and  tag preserves formatting and the browser renders visible text as shown.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is To get a Distinction you need a mark C and & meet all the requirements.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 2631 to Decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"9777\",\n      \"8631\",\n      \"10241\",\n      \"11025\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Hexadecimal 2631 converts to decimal 9,777.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 9777.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"If I have a 3-tier based shopping cart based website, where should the orders be stored?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"in the 1st tier\",\n      \"in the 2nd tier\",\n      \"in the 3rd tier\",\n      \"distributed across all tiers\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. In a 3-tier architecture, data like orders is stored in the 3rd tier (data tier).\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is in the 3rd tier.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"client-server\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"with regards to security, what is non-repudiation?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"B. the message has not been altered during transit\",\n      \"C. it can be proved that the sender did send a given message\",\n      \"D. the identity of the sender is concealed from the receiver\",\n      \"A. the message is encrypted using a public key\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Non-repudiation means it can be proved that the sender did send a given message.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is C. it can be proved that the sender did send a given message.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"What are the main differences between authentication and non-repudiation?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. Authentication encrypts the message, non-repudiation stores the message\",\n      \"B. Authentication verifies the server, non-repudiation verifies the client\",\n      \"C. Authentication prevents message tampering, non-repudiation prevents replay attacks\",\n      \"E. Authentication indicates who the user is, non-repudiation indicates that the user signed the document\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Authentication indicates who the user is, non-repudiation indicates that the user signed the document.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is E. Authentication indicates who the user is, non-repudiation indicates that the user signed the document.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"What would the output of this HTML code look like?\\n\\nTo get a Distinction you need a mark  and \",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"To get a Distinction you need a mark B and C and meet all the requirements\",\n      \"To get a Distinction you need a mark C and & meet all the requirements\",\n      \"To get a Distinction you need a mark and meet all the requirements\",\n      \"To get a Distinction you need a mark  and  tag renders content as-is, and the browser displays the visible text.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is To get a Distinction you need a mark C and & meet all the requirements.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"A chained file system has a file made up of 1000 blocks. Roughly how many times does the file system have to be accessed to find the 27th block? Choose the most feasible answer\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"1\",\n      \"27\",\n      \"500\",\n      \"1000\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. In a chained (linked) file system, you must traverse each block sequentially, requiring 27 accesses to reach the 27th block.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 27.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"An indexed file system has a file made up of 1000 blocks. Roughly how many times does the file system have to be accessed to find the 27th block? Choose the most feasible answer.\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"3\",\n      \"27\",\n      \"1\",\n      \"2\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. In an indexed file system, you access the index block then the data block — typically around 3 accesses.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 3.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following is a characteristic of the most common scripting languages?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Variables must be declared with explicit types before use.\",\n      \"Variables are normally untyped or loosely bound.\",\n      \"Scripting languages are always compiled before execution.\",\n      \"Variables in scripting languages are strongly and statically typed.\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Most common scripting languages feature variables that are untyped or loosely bound.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is Variables are normally untyped or loosely bound.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"scripting\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following \\\"Big O\\\" notations has the LEAST cost? (e.g. number of accesses required to read a files blocks)\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"O(n)\",\n      \"O(log n)\",\n      \"O(1)\",\n      \"O(n²)\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. O(1) indicates constant time — the least costly operation regardless of input size.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is O(1).\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"How would an index allocation based file system increase the size of a file when the addresses of its data blocks in the inode are all full?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Replace a data block with an address of an indirect block which in turns points to the address of data or more address blocks.\",\n      \"Use an indirect block to point to the address of data or more address blocks.\",\n      \"Allocate a new inode and link it to the existing inode.\",\n      \"Extend the inode table to accommodate additional direct block pointers.\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. An indirect block is used to extend file capacity by pointing to additional data or address blocks.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is Use an indirect block to point to the address of data or more address blocks.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Which is the most correct statement: In a scripting language such as Bash ...\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"scripts are pre-compiled into bytecode before execution\",\n      \"scripts run in a sandboxed environment separate from the OS\",\n      \"commands are executed just as if they had been typed on the command line\",\n      \"variables must be explicitly declared with a type\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. In Bash, script commands execute just as if typed directly on the command line.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is commands are executed just as if they had been typed on the command line.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"scripting\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"With regards to security, what is data integrity?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. ensuring data is encrypted during transmission\",\n      \"B. verifying the identity of the sender of a message\",\n      \"C. check that the data has not been changed in transmission\",\n      \"D. ensuring only authorised users can access the data\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Data integrity means checking that the data has not been changed in transmission.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is C. check that the data has not been changed in transmission.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 0101101001101111 to decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"23151\",\n      \"21503\",\n      \"25311\",\n      \"19871\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Binary 0101101001101111 converts to decimal 23,151.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 23151.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 17130 to hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"42EA\",\n      \"43AB\",\n      \"41FA\",\n      \"40DC\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Decimal 17130 converts to hexadecimal 42EA.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 42EA.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"not (Z AND Z) OR (X AND Z) is logically equivalent to?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. NOT(X) AND Z\",\n      \"B. X AND NOT(Z)\",\n      \"C. NOT(X) OR NOT(Z)\",\n      \"D. NOT(Z) OR X\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The expression simplifies to NOT(Z) OR X.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is D. NOT(Z) OR X.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"boolean-logic\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"When processes need to communicate with each other, this is referred to as?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"RPC\",\n      \"IPC\",\n      \"TCP\",\n      \"API\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. IPC (Inter-Process Communication) is the mechanism by which processes communicate with each other.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is IPC.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"boolean-logic\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 5018 to hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"139A\",\n      \"13BA\",\n      \"139A\",\n      \"12FA\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Decimal 5018 converts to hexadecimal 139A.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 139A.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal A2C4 to Decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"41668\",\n      \"40132\",\n      \"43215\",\n      \"39876\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Hexadecimal A2C4 converts to decimal 41,668.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 41668.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Given this scenario:\\n- I want to access my email off-line eg: on my smartphone or wireless laptop\\n- I want my email client to download the email off the server\\n- I don't intend to access this email with different clients.\\n\\nWhat would the BEST protocol to use in this situation?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. IMAP\",\n      \"B. SMTP\",\n      \"C. HTTP\",\n      \"E. POP\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. POP (Post Office Protocol) downloads email from the server to a single client, ideal for offline access from one device.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is E. POP.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 6850 to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"0110100001010000\",\n      \"0110100001010001\",\n      \"0110100101010000\",\n      \"0110000001010000\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Hexadecimal 6850 converts to binary 0110100001010000.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 0110100001010000.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  }\n]",[],[165,183,398],{"_107":405,"_99":406,"_166":407,"_168":184,"_169":148,"_170":147,"_171":172,"_109":408,"_104":33,"_174":192,"_176":409,"_177":22,"_178":-5,"_179":410,"_102":411},"f5db35c2-2b1d-11f1-bef4-42dde27851f2","2019_p11.json","019d3799-a8be-759b-bf6a-f62fbdc35b08",["D",1774754310283],"[\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal A685 to Decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"42629\",\n      \"41925\",\n      \"43521\",\n      \"40867\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Hexadecimal A685 converts to decimal 42,629.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 42629.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 4622 to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"0001001000001110\",\n      \"0001001000001100\",\n      \"0001011000001110\",\n      \"0001001010001110\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Decimal 4622 converts to binary 0001001000001110.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 0001001000001110.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Which set of topologies below is an example of a physical network topology?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. Mesh, Token Ring, Tree\",\n      \"B. Hybrid, Point-to-Point, Star\",\n      \"C. Logical, Physical, Virtual\",\n      \"D. Bus, Ring, Star\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Bus, Ring, and Star are all examples of physical network topologies.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is D. Bus, Ring, Star.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 0101010001111001 to Hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"5479\",\n      \"547A\",\n      \"5379\",\n      \"5489\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The binary value converts to hexadecimal 5479.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 5479.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 29CE to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"0010100111001110\",\n      \"0010100111001100\",\n      \"0010100111001111\",\n      \"0010100101001110\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Hexadecimal 29CE converts to binary 0010100111001110.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 0010100111001110.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q5\",\n    \"question\": \"When does a page fault occur?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"when a process tries to write to a read-only memory page\",\n      \"when a process needs to access memory pages that are not in physical memory\",\n      \"when the CPU cache is full and cannot store new instructions\",\n      \"when two processes attempt to access the same memory address simultaneously\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A page fault occurs when a process needs to access memory pages that are not in physical memory.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is when a process needs to access memory pages that are not in physical memory.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q6\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 29CE to Decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"9777\",\n      \"10702\",\n      \"11214\",\n      \"8934\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Hexadecimal 29CE converts to decimal 10,702.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 10702.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q7\",\n    \"question\": \"NOT(A OR NOT B) OR X is logically equivalent to?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. NOT(A) AND B\",\n      \"B. NOT(Z) OR X\",\n      \"C. A AND NOT(B)\",\n      \"D. NOT(A) OR NOT(B)\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The expression simplifies to NOT(Z) OR X.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is B. NOT(Z) OR X.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"virtual-memory\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q8\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 3623 to hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"0E27\",\n      \"0E37\",\n      \"0F27\",\n      \"0D27\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Decimal 3623 converts to hexadecimal 0E27.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 0E27.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q9\",\n    \"question\": \"Given this scenario:\\n- I want to access my email off-line eg: on my smartphone or wireless laptop\\n- I want my email client to download the email off the server\\n- I don't intend to access this email with different clients.\\n\\nWhat would the BEST protocol to use in this situation?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. IMAP\",\n      \"B. SMTP\",\n      \"C. HTTP\",\n      \"E. POP\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. POP downloads email to a single client for offline access.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is E. POP.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q10\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 3421 to Decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"13345\",\n      \"12801\",\n      \"14233\",\n      \"11987\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Hexadecimal 3421 converts to decimal 13,345.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 13345.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Which HTML fragment best fits the following picture?\\n\\n• Red\\n• Blue\\n• Green\\n    1. Yellow\\n    2. Purple\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"\\nRed
\\nBlue
\\nGreen
\\n\\nYellow
\\nPurple
\\n
\\n
\",\n      \"\\nRed
\\nBlue
\\nGreen\\n\\nYellow
\\nPurple
\\n
\\n
\\n
\",\n      \"\\nRed
\\nBlue
\\nGreen
\\n\\nYellow
\\nPurple
\\n
\\n
\",\n      \"\\nRed
\\nBlue
\\nGreen
\\nYellow
\\nPurple
\\n
\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The ordered list is nested inside the Green list item, with ol type=\\\"n\\\" for numbered output.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer uses a nested  inside the Green  element.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"I use a file system that will retrieve a file using an inode. How does the operating system know which block(s) to retrieve from the hard disk?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"By using contiguous allocation\",\n      \"By using linked allocation\",\n      \"By using indexed allocation\",\n      \"By using the FAT table\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. An inode-based file system uses indexed allocation to locate data blocks on disk.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is By using indexed allocation.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"A chained file system has a file made up of 1000 blocks. Roughly how many times does the file system have to be accessed to find the 27th block? Choose the most feasible answer\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"1\",\n      \"3\",\n      \"27\",\n      \"1000\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. In a chained file system you must traverse each pointer sequentially, requiring 27 accesses.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 27.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following is a characteristic of the most common scripting languages?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Variables must be declared with explicit types before use.\",\n      \"Variables are normally untyped or loosely bound.\",\n      \"Scripts are always compiled to machine code before execution.\",\n      \"Scripting languages are always interpreted line by line and cannot use functions.\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Most scripting languages feature untyped or loosely bound variables.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is Variables are normally untyped or loosely bound.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"scripting\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"What sort of risk assessment would you consider if Mr Evil changes the content of the UTS homepage to say 'pwnned you tease essses'?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. An accidental internal threat\",\n      \"B. A structured external threat\",\n      \"C. A malicious vandalism external threat\",\n      \"D. A deliberate internal threat\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Defacing a website by an outsider is classified as a malicious vandalism external threat.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is C. A malicious vandalism external threat.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q5\",\n    \"question\": \"With regards to security, what is hashing?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. encrypting data using a symmetric key algorithm\",\n      \"B. putting a code on data to ensure it hasn't been modified\",\n      \"C. verifying the identity of the sender of a message\",\n      \"D. splitting data into packets for secure transmission\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Hashing puts a code on data to ensure it hasn't been modified.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is B. putting a code on data to ensure it hasn't been modified.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 1\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 19906 to hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"4DC2\",\n      \"4EC1\",\n      \"4DA2\",\n      \"4CC2\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Decimal 19906 converts to hexadecimal 4DC2.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 4DC2.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"For logging onto a shell on a remote computer, SSH is recommended over other protocols because:\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"B. it is faster than other remote login protocols\",\n      \"C. it does not require a username or password\",\n      \"D. it compresses all data to reduce bandwidth usage\",\n      \"A. it provides encryption for your your username, password  and network traffic\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. SSH encrypts the username, password, and all network traffic for secure remote login.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is A. it provides encryption for your username, password and network traffic.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"You have a device at home which connects you to the Internet via an ADSL connection to an Internet Service Provider. It sometimes includes a wireless access point and sometimes additional network ports to plug in your laptop or home entertainment devices. What is this device?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A Network Switch\",\n      \"A Hub\",\n      \"A Router/modem\",\n      \"A Firewall\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A Router/modem connects a home network to the ISP via ADSL and often includes Wi-Fi and additional ports.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is A Router/modem.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 34118 to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"1000010101001110\",\n      \"1000010101000110\",\n      \"1000010101001110\",\n      \"1000010101001100\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Decimal 34118 converts to binary 1000010101001110.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 1000010101001110.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q5\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 1001110100001111 to Hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"9D0F\",\n      \"9E0F\",\n      \"8D0F\",\n      \"9D1F\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Binary 1001110100001111 converts to hexadecimal 9D0F.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The correct answer is 9D0F.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2019,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2\n  }\n]",[],[165,183,406],{"_107":413,"_99":414,"_166":415,"_168":184,"_169":148,"_170":147,"_171":172,"_109":416,"_104":33,"_174":192,"_176":417,"_177":22,"_178":-5,"_179":418,"_102":419},"f5db6c72-2b1d-11f1-bef4-42dde27851f2","2020_p01.json","019d3799-a8be-759b-bf6a-f87471010133",["D",1774754310283],"[\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"A set of computers can talk over a network. If a collision occurs, then the computers wanting to talk wait a random amount of time before retrying. What network topology would this most likely be?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Ring\",\n      \"Star\",\n      \"bus\",\n      \"Mesh\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Bus topology uses CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection), where devices that detect a collision back off and wait a random time before retrying.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Bus because bus topology uses CSMA/CD, where collisions are resolved by having devices wait a random amount of time before retransmitting.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"Given this scenario: I want to access my email offline (e.g. on my smartphone or wireless laptop). I want my email client to download the email off the server. I don't intend to access this email with different clients. What would the BEST protocol to use in this situation?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"IMAP\",\n      \"SMTP\",\n      \"POP\",\n      \"FTP\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. POP (Post Office Protocol) downloads email from the server to a single device and typically removes it from the server, making it ideal when you only use one client and want offline access.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is POP because it downloads emails to the local device and is designed for single-client offline use, unlike IMAP which keeps mail on the server for multi-device access.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Given this scenario: You have received some data with a set of tags surrounding some text. You have been told that these tags define the structure of the data. What do you think this data is?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A CSV file\",\n      \"A binary encoded file\",\n      \"An XML document\",\n      \"A JSON object\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. XML (Extensible Markup Language) uses tags to define the structure of data, where tags wrap content to describe what the data represents.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is An XML document because XML is specifically designed to use custom tags that define the structure and meaning of the enclosed data.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"In a multitasking Operating System on a single CPU computer, several processes can be ready for running at the same time. How does the operating system handle this?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Running all processes simultaneously using parallel threads\",\n      \"Assigning each process a dedicated CPU core\",\n      \"Putting already processes in a queue and allowing them to share the processor and other resources in turn\",\n      \"Pausing all processes until the current one finishes\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A multitasking OS uses a process scheduler to maintain a ready queue and time-slice the CPU among processes, giving the illusion of simultaneous execution on a single CPU.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is putting processes in a queue and sharing the processor in turn, because a single CPU can only execute one process at a time — the OS scheduler switches rapidly between them.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q5\",\n    \"question\": \"With regards to security, what does Confidentiality mean?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Ensuring authorised users have access to information when required\",\n      \"Safeguarding the accuracy and completeness of information\",\n      \"Information is accessible only to the intended recipient\",\n      \"Proving that the sender did send a given message\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Confidentiality means that information is only accessible to those who are authorised — it prevents unauthorised disclosure of data.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is that information is accessible only to the intended recipient, which is the definition of Confidentiality in the CIA triad.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q6\",\n    \"question\": \"Which type of security attack would it be if I were to intercept your login to UTS online?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Integrity attack\",\n      \"Availability attack\",\n      \"Authenticity attack\",\n      \"Confidentiality attack\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Intercepting a login means reading or stealing credentials without modification — this is a Confidentiality attack because private information is disclosed to an unauthorised party.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Confidentiality attack because intercepting (eavesdropping on) someone's login means their private information is exposed to an unauthorised party.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q7\",\n    \"question\": \"With regards to security, what is data integrity?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Ensuring only authorised users can access data\",\n      \"Encrypting data so it cannot be read in transit\",\n      \"Proving the identity of the person who sent data\",\n      \"Check that the data has not been changed in transmission\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Data integrity means verifying that data has not been altered or tampered with during storage or transmission.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is checking that data has not been changed in transmission, which is the core meaning of data integrity.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q8\",\n    \"question\": \"What sort of network is TCP/IP?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Circuit Switching\",\n      \"Message Switching\",\n      \"Broadcast Network\",\n      \"Packet Switching\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. TCP/IP is a Packet Switching network where data is broken into packets that are independently routed and reassembled at the destination.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Packet Switching because TCP/IP breaks data into discrete packets that travel independently through the network, unlike circuit switching which reserves a dedicated path.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q9\",\n    \"question\": \"If I connect to a system over port 23 what am I most likely doing?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Sending an email (SMTP)\",\n      \"Retrieving a webpage (HTTP)\",\n      \"Transferring files (FTP)\",\n      \"Remotely logging in to another system (Telnet)\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Port 23 is assigned to Telnet, which is used for remote login to another system (though it is unencrypted and largely replaced by SSH on port 22).\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Remotely logging in to another system (Telnet) because port 23 is the standard port for the Telnet protocol.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q10\",\n    \"question\": \"If I connect to a system over port 25 what am I most likely doing?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Retrieving email (POP3)\",\n      \"Remotely logging in (SSH)\",\n      \"Sending an email (SMTP)\",\n      \"Retrieving a webpage (HTTP)\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Port 25 is the standard port for SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), which is used to send email between mail servers.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Sending an email (SMTP) because port 25 is reserved for the SMTP protocol used for outgoing mail transfer.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q11\",\n    \"question\": \"If I connect to a system over port 80 what am I most likely doing?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Sending an email (SMTP)\",\n      \"Transferring files (FTP)\",\n      \"Retrieving email (IMAP)\",\n      \"Retrieving a webpage (HTTP)\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Port 80 is the standard port for HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol), used to retrieve web pages.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Retrieving a webpage (HTTP) because port 80 is reserved for the HTTP protocol used by web servers.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q12\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 502B to Decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"20651\",\n      \"20523\",\n      \"20491\",\n      \"20731\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 502B in hex = 5×16³ + 0×16² + 2×16¹ + 11×16⁰ = 20480 + 0 + 32 + 11 = 20523.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 20523 because 502B hex = 5×4096 + 0×256 + 2×16 + 11 = 20480 + 0 + 32 + 11 = 20523.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q13\",\n    \"question\": \"When does a page fault occur?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"When a process tries to write to a read-only memory page\",\n      \"When the CPU encounters an illegal instruction\",\n      \"When the OS runs out of swap space on disk\",\n      \"When a process needs to access memory pages that are not in physical memory\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"virtual-memory\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A page fault occurs when a process tries to access a page that is mapped in its logical address space but is not currently loaded into physical (RAM) memory, causing the OS to fetch it from disk.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is when a process needs to access memory pages that are not in physical memory, triggering the OS to load the required page from secondary storage.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q14\",\n    \"question\": \"What sort of risk assessment would you consider if Mr Evil changes all his UTS student henchmen's grades to High Distinctions?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"An industrial espionage external threat\",\n      \"A malicious vandalism external threat\",\n      \"An external availability threat\",\n      \"An Internal integrity threat\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Modifying grade data by someone inside the organisation (a student) is an internal threat that targets data integrity — the accuracy of the records has been compromised.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is an Internal integrity threat because the attacker is an insider (a student) who is modifying (corrupting the integrity of) internal data records.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q15\",\n    \"question\": \"How does public key encryption work?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Both parties use the same shared secret key to encrypt and decrypt\",\n      \"Sender encrypts with their own private key; receiver decrypts with sender's public key\",\n      \"Sender encrypts data with receiver's public key, receiver decrypts with their private key\",\n      \"Both parties exchange private keys over a secure channel first\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. In public key (asymmetric) encryption, the sender encrypts the message using the receiver's public key, and only the receiver can decrypt it using their corresponding private key.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is that the sender encrypts with the receiver's public key and the receiver decrypts with their private key — this ensures only the intended recipient can read the message.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q16\",\n    \"question\": \"If both sender and receiver use the same key to encrypt and decrypt the data, what is this key called?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Public Key\",\n      \"Private Key\",\n      \"Hash Key\",\n      \"Symmetric / Common Key\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. When a single shared key is used for both encryption and decryption it is called a Symmetric Key (also known as a Common or Secret Key).\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Symmetric / Common Key because symmetric cryptography uses one shared key for both encrypting and decrypting data.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q17\",\n    \"question\": \"What is the difference between \\\"Data Encryption Standard (DES)\\\" and \\\"RSA Encryption\\\"?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"DES uses public key encryption, RSA uses symmetric key encryption\",\n      \"DES and RSA both use symmetric keys but differ in key length\",\n      \"DES uses a hash function while RSA uses symmetric keys\",\n      \"DES is symmetric key encryption, RSA is public key encryption\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. DES (Data Encryption Standard) is a symmetric key algorithm where the same key is used to encrypt and decrypt, while RSA is an asymmetric (public key) algorithm using a key pair.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is DES is symmetric key encryption, RSA is public key encryption — they represent the two main categories of encryption algorithms.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q18\",\n    \"question\": \"Unix is:\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A specific operating system distributed only by AT&T\",\n      \"A proprietary software product owned by Microsoft\",\n      \"A hardware architecture standard for servers\",\n      \"A set of ideas which are publicly known and understood\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Unix refers to a set of concepts, ideas, and standards (including POSIX) that are publicly known — many different operating systems implement these ideas.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is a set of ideas which are publicly known and understood, as Unix is more of a philosophy and standard than a single proprietary product.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q19\",\n    \"question\": \"A set of computers can talk over a network. To avoid collisions, hosts take turns to transmit data using a token. What network topology would this most likely be?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Bus\",\n      \"Star\",\n      \"Mesh\",\n      \"Ring\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Ring topology uses a token-passing mechanism where a special control frame (token) circulates around the ring and only the device holding the token is permitted to transmit.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Ring because token-passing is the collision-avoidance mechanism associated with ring network topology.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q20\",\n    \"question\": \"Virtual memory is made possible by the fact that...\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"The hard disk is much larger than RAM\",\n      \"Modern CPUs can execute multiple instructions simultaneously\",\n      \"The OS can compress memory pages to fit more data in RAM\",\n      \"Logical addressing keeps processes from knowing where pieces of program/data are in physical memory\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"virtual-memory\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Virtual memory relies on logical addressing, which abstracts physical memory locations from processes — programs use logical addresses that the OS maps to physical locations, allowing pages to be swapped in and out transparently.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is logical addressing keeps processes from knowing where pieces of program/data are in physical memory, which is the key abstraction that enables virtual memory.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q21\",\n    \"question\": \"What technique is used by search engines to collect data from the web?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Data mining of user search queries\",\n      \"RSS feed aggregation\",\n      \"Screen scraping via browser automation\",\n      \"Web crawling\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Search engines use web crawlers (also called spiders or bots) that systematically browse the web by following hyperlinks to discover and index pages.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Web crawling — search engines deploy automated programs called crawlers or spiders that follow links across the web to collect and index content.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q22\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following is an advantage of using Graphical User Interfaces (GUI)?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"They use fewer system resources than command line interfaces\",\n      \"They are faster for expert users performing repetitive tasks\",\n      \"They are more intuitive to use\",\n      \"They provide greater scripting and automation capabilities\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. GUIs use visual elements like windows, icons, and menus that make them more intuitive, reducing the need to memorise commands and lowering the learning curve for new users.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is they are more intuitive to use, as GUIs provide a visual environment that is easier to learn and use without prior technical knowledge.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q23\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 0001111110010111 to Hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"1F97\",\n      \"1E87\",\n      \"0F97\",\n      \"2F97\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Split into nibbles: 0001=1, 1111=F, 1001=9, 0111=7 → 1F97.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 1F97. Split the binary into 4-bit groups: 0001=1, 1111=F, 1001=9, 0111=7, giving 1F97.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q24\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 57340 to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"1101111111111100\",\n      \"1101111011111100\",\n      \"1100111111111100\",\n      \"1101111111101100\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 57340 in binary is 1101111111111100 (= 32768+16384+4096+2048+1024+512+256+128+64+32+16+0+4+0+0+0 = 57340).\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 1101111111111100. Converting 57340 step by step through repeated division by 2 yields 1101111111111100.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  }\n]",[],[165,183,414],{"_107":421,"_99":422,"_166":423,"_168":184,"_169":148,"_170":147,"_171":172,"_109":424,"_104":33,"_174":192,"_176":425,"_177":22,"_178":-5,"_179":426,"_102":427},"f5dbc4d8-2b1d-11f1-bef4-42dde27851f2","2020_p02.json","019d3799-a8be-759b-bf6a-fe6e1f6f826a",["D",1774754310283],"[\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q25\",\n    \"question\": \"What colour would the number 123 be from the following HTML code?  123
\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Green\",\n      \"Red\",\n      \"Blue\",\n      \"Yellow\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The paragraph has class=\\\"frog\\\" which matches the CSS rule .frog { color: yellow }, so the text will be displayed in yellow.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Yellow because the CSS class selector .frog sets color: yellow, and the paragraph uses class=\\\"frog\\\".\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q26\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following is a CSS id selector?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \".large { font-size: 20pt; }\",\n      \"p { font-size: 20pt; }\",\n      \"large { font-size: 20pt; }\",\n      \"#large { font-size: 20pt; }\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"css\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. In CSS, an id selector is prefixed with a # symbol. #large targets the element with id=\\\"large\\\".\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is #large { font-size: 20pt; } because the # prefix denotes an id selector in CSS.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q27\",\n    \"question\": \"Which is the correct process for Non-Repudiation?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Sender encrypts the whole message with their private key and sends it\",\n      \"Receiver hashes the received message and compares it to an expected value\",\n      \"Both parties encrypt using a shared symmetric key to prove authenticity\",\n      \"Sender hashes the data, then encrypts the hash with their private key and sends it alongside the message; receiver decrypts hash with sender's public key to verify\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Non-repudiation uses a digital signature: the sender hashes the message, encrypts the hash with their private key (creating a signature), and sends both. The receiver decrypts the hash using the sender's public key and compares it to their own hash of the message.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is that the sender hashes the data, encrypts the hash with their private key, and sends it with the message — this creates a digital signature that proves the sender's identity and cannot be denied.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q28\",\n    \"question\": \"What is \\\"thrashing\\\" in regard to memory management?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"When a process corrupts another process's memory space\",\n      \"When the CPU switches between processes too frequently\",\n      \"When too many processes are competing for CPU time\",\n      \"When the operating system spends more time paging than running applications\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"virtual-memory\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Thrashing occurs when the OS is so busy swapping pages in and out of physical memory that very little actual CPU time is spent executing application code.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is when the operating system spends more time paging than running applications — this happens when there is insufficient physical memory to hold the working sets of all active processes.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q29\",\n    \"question\": \"What sort of risk assessment would you consider if Mr Evil accesses the UTS 5 year strategic plan and sells it to a competitor?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"An internal integrity threat\",\n      \"A malicious vandalism external threat\",\n      \"An industrial espionage external threat\",\n      \"An availability denial of service threat\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Stealing confidential strategic documents and selling them to a competitor is industrial espionage — an external confidentiality threat aimed at gaining competitive advantage.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is an industrial espionage external threat because the attacker steals confidential business information to benefit a competitor.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q30\",\n    \"question\": \"Which type of security attack would it be if I were to fabricate your login to UTS online?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Confidentiality attack\",\n      \"Integrity attack\",\n      \"Availability attack\",\n      \"Authenticity attack\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Fabricating (forging) a login creates a false identity — this is an Authenticity attack because it involves impersonating someone or creating fake credentials.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Authenticity attack because fabricating a login means creating a false identity or credentials, which is an attack on authenticity.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q31\",\n    \"question\": \"While a process is being executed which of the following is true?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A process always occupies one contiguous block of physical memory\",\n      \"Logical addresses are always equal to physical addresses\",\n      \"The physical address of a process never changes during execution\",\n      \"The logical addresses of the process in memory may be mapped to several different physical memory locations\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"virtual-memory\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. With virtual memory, a process's logical address space is divided into pages that can be scattered across different physical memory frames — logical addresses do not correspond to a single contiguous physical location.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is that logical addresses may be mapped to several different physical memory locations, because virtual memory allows pages to be placed at non-contiguous physical addresses.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q32\",\n    \"question\": \"If I am on a Unix system and have just formatted a disk, then which of the following is true?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"The disk is ready to store files with a full directory tree\",\n      \"The disk contains an empty root directory with no files\",\n      \"The disk has both a logical and physical structure set up\",\n      \"There exists only a physical disk structure on my disk.\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Formatting creates the physical disk structure (tracks, sectors, blocks) but does not yet create a logical file system with directories and inodes — that requires a separate mkfs step.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is that only a physical disk structure exists because formatting prepares the physical layout of the disk but does not yet create a logical file system.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q33\",\n    \"question\": \"A process is?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A stored program on disk waiting to be run\",\n      \"A section of code within a program\",\n      \"A thread of execution within an application\",\n      \"Any instance of a running program.\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A process is a running instance of a program — it includes the program code, its current activity (program counter, registers), and associated resources.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is any instance of a running program, because a process represents an active execution of a program, not just the static code on disk.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q34\",\n    \"question\": \"I use a file system that will retrieve a file using an inode. How does the operating system know which block(s) to retrieve from the hard disk?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"By using contiguous allocation\",\n      \"By using chained allocation\",\n      \"By using a FAT (File Allocation Table)\",\n      \"By using indexed allocation\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Inodes are the core of indexed allocation — each inode contains an index (array of pointers) to the disk blocks that make up the file.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is indexed allocation because an inode stores an index of direct and indirect pointers to the actual data blocks on disk.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q35\",\n    \"question\": \"Which language straddles the border between a Batch/scripting language and an application level programming language?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Bash\",\n      \"Python\",\n      \"JavaScript\",\n      \"Perl\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"scripting\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Perl was designed as a practical extraction and report language that bridges scripting and full application development, offering the convenience of shell scripting with the power of a general-purpose language.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Perl because it is specifically known for occupying the boundary between scripting/batch languages and full application programming languages.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q36\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 0010001011111111 to decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"8959\",\n      \"9215\",\n      \"8703\",\n      \"9471\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 0010001011111111 binary = 8192 + 512 + 128 + 64 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 8959.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 8959. Adding the positional values: 2^13 + 2^9 + 2^7 + 2^6 + 2^5 + 2^4 + 2^3 + 2^2 + 2^1 + 2^0 = 8192+512+128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1 = 8959.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q37\",\n    \"question\": \"Binary files cannot be sent directly over SMTP because:\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"SMTP compresses all data before sending, corrupting binary files\",\n      \"Binary files are too large for the SMTP packet size limit\",\n      \"SMTP requires digital signatures on all attachments\",\n      \"The SMTP protocol does not support binary files (it is text-only)\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. SMTP was originally designed to transfer 7-bit ASCII text only. Binary files must be encoded (e.g. using Base64/MIME) to be transmitted over SMTP.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is that the SMTP protocol does not support binary files because SMTP is a text-based protocol that handles only 7-bit ASCII characters.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q38\",\n    \"question\": \"Which is the most correct statement: In a scripting language such as Bash, commands are...\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"compiled into machine code before execution\",\n      \"interpreted into bytecode and run in a virtual machine\",\n      \"converted into an intermediate language first\",\n      \"executed just as if they had been typed on the command line\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"scripting\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Bash scripts run commands sequentially exactly as if a user had typed each command interactively at the shell prompt — there is no separate compilation step.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is executed just as if they had been typed on the command line because shell scripts simply automate command execution in the same environment as the interactive shell.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q39\",\n    \"question\": \"A denial of service (DoS) attack is:\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"An attack that modifies data to make it incorrect\",\n      \"An attack that intercepts confidential information in transit\",\n      \"An attack that forges the identity of a legitimate user\",\n      \"A loss of service to users by consuming bandwidth and processor time\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A DoS attack floods a system with traffic or requests to consume its resources (bandwidth, CPU), making it unavailable to legitimate users.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is a loss of service to users by consuming bandwidth and processor time — DoS attacks target availability, not confidentiality or integrity.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q40\",\n    \"question\": \"If I am referring to a CSS selector which has properties and values then I am most likely talking about a...\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Class selector only\",\n      \"Element/tag selector only\",\n      \"Id selector only\",\n      \"You cannot tell — both class and id selectors can have properties and values\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"css\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Both class selectors (prefixed with .) and id selectors (prefixed with #) can have CSS properties and values — knowing that a selector has properties and values does not tell you which type it is.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is you cannot tell because both class and id selectors (as well as element selectors) can contain properties and values in CSS.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q41\",\n    \"question\": \"Given this scenario: I write an email in Chinese characters to send to my friend in Australia. He tells me he received garbage characters. What most likely happened?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"The email server blocked non-English characters for security reasons\",\n      \"The email was corrupted during SMTP transmission\",\n      \"The email was sent as an attachment instead of inline text\",\n      \"My email client sent the message in unicode, but my friend's email client only understood ASCII\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. When a character encoding mismatch occurs (e.g. sender uses UTF-8/Unicode for Chinese characters but receiver's client interprets it as ASCII), the result is garbled/garbage text.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is that the email was sent in unicode but the friend's client only understood ASCII — the character encoding mismatch causes the Chinese characters to appear as garbage.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q42\",\n    \"question\": \"In HTML, how would I refer to an anchor called \\\"01\\\" within a html page called \\\"mypage.html\\\"?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"link to section 01 in mypage\",\n      \"link to section 01 in mypage\",\n      \"link to section 01 in mypage\",\n      \"link to section 01 in mypage\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. To link to a named anchor within a page you append a # followed by the anchor name to the URL: mypage.html#01.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is  because the # character is used in URLs to reference a specific anchor (fragment) within a page.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q43\",\n    \"question\": \"When data is stored on a tape drive, the allocation method used is:\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Indexed\",\n      \"Chained\",\n      \"Random\",\n      \"Contiguous\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Tape drives are sequential-access media, so data must be stored contiguously — you cannot randomly jump to different parts of the tape like you can on a hard disk.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Contiguous allocation because tape drives are sequential access devices and require data to be stored in consecutive blocks.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q44\",\n    \"question\": \"Which type of network best describes the Internet?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A centralised communication network\",\n      \"A peer-to-peer LAN network\",\n      \"A private wide area network (WAN)\",\n      \"A distributed communication network\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The Internet is a distributed communication network — it has no central controlling node and is designed so that communication can be rerouted around failures.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is a distributed communication network because the Internet was intentionally designed without a central point of control, distributing routing across many interconnected nodes.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q45\",\n    \"question\": \"An indexed file system has a file made up of 1000 blocks. Roughly how many times does the file system have to be accessed to find the 27th block?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"1\",\n      \"27\",\n      \"2\",\n      \"3\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. In an indexed file system (inode-based), finding a block typically requires accessing the inode, then potentially one or two levels of indirect block pointers — roughly O(log n) or about 3 accesses for typical inode structures.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is approximately 3 accesses — you read the inode, then any indirect block pointers, then the actual data block, giving roughly O(1) to O(3) access depth.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q46\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 0010100011011001 to decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"10713\",\n      \"10201\",\n      \"10457\",\n      \"10969\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 0010100011011001 = 8192 + 2048 + 128 + 64 + 16 + 8 + 1 = 10457.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 10457. Adding up the set bits: 2^13 + 2^11 + 2^7 + 2^6 + 2^4 + 2^3 + 2^0 = 8192+2048+128+64+16+8+1 = 10457.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q47\",\n    \"question\": \"If I connect to a system over port 25 what am I most likely doing?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Retrieving email (IMAP)\",\n      \"Transferring files (FTP)\",\n      \"Retrieving a webpage (HTTP)\",\n      \"Sending an email\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Port 25 is used by SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) for sending/transferring email between mail servers.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Sending an email because port 25 is the standard SMTP port used to send outgoing mail.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q48\",\n    \"question\": \"If I connect to a system over port 80 what am I most likely doing?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Sending email (SMTP)\",\n      \"Remotely logging in (SSH)\",\n      \"Retrieving email (POP3)\",\n      \"Retrieving a webpage from that system\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Port 80 is the default port for HTTP, used by web browsers to retrieve web pages from a web server.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Retrieving a webpage from that system because port 80 is reserved for HTTP web traffic.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  }\n]",[],[165,183,422],{"_107":429,"_99":430,"_166":431,"_168":184,"_169":148,"_170":147,"_171":172,"_109":432,"_104":33,"_174":192,"_176":433,"_177":22,"_178":-5,"_179":434,"_102":435},"f5dc20fe-2b1d-11f1-bef4-42dde27851f2","2020_p03.json","019d3799-a8be-759b-bf6b-006e48522441",["D",1774754310283],"[\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q49\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 0101001000001111 to decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"20751\",\n      \"21263\",\n      \"21007\",\n      \"20495\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 0101001000001111 = 16384 + 4096 + 512 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 21007.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 21007. Adding the set bits: 2^14 + 2^12 + 2^9 + 2^3 + 2^2 + 2^1 + 2^0 = 16384+4096+512+8+4+2+1 = 21007.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q50\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 9541 to hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"2545\",\n      \"2455\",\n      \"2654\",\n      \"2564\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 9541 ÷ 16 = 596 r 5, 596 ÷ 16 = 37 r 4, 37 ÷ 16 = 2 r 5, 2 ÷ 16 = 0 r 2 → 2545.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 2545. Dividing 9541 repeatedly by 16 gives remainders 5, 4, 5, 2 (read in reverse) = 2545 hex.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q51\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert 3DAE to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"0011110110101110\",\n      \"0011110100101110\",\n      \"0011101110101110\",\n      \"0011110110111110\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 3=0011, D=1101, A=1010, E=1110 → 0011110110101110.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 0011110110101110. Convert each hex digit: 3=0011, D=1101, A=1010, E=1110, concatenated: 0011110110101110.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q52\",\n    \"question\": \"Which type of security attack would it be if I were to modify your login to UTS online?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Confidentiality attack\",\n      \"Availability attack\",\n      \"Integrity attack\",\n      \"Authenticity attack\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Modifying data (in this case, altering login credentials) is an Integrity attack — the accuracy and completeness of the data has been tampered with.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Integrity attack because modifying someone's data constitutes an attack on data integrity.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q53\",\n    \"question\": \"Which set of topologies below is an example of a physical network topology?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Client-Server, Peer-to-Peer, Hybrid\",\n      \"Intranet, Extranet, Internet\",\n      \"LAN, WAN, MAN\",\n      \"Bus, Ring, Star\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Bus, Ring, and Star are all physical network topologies that describe the physical layout and connection of devices in a network.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Bus, Ring, Star — these describe the physical arrangement of cables and devices, which is what a physical network topology defines.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q54\",\n    \"question\": \"With regards to security, what does Availability mean?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Ensuring data cannot be modified by unauthorised parties\",\n      \"Ensuring data is encrypted and only readable by authorised parties\",\n      \"Proving the identity of the person accessing the system\",\n      \"Ensuring authorised users have access to information/processing when required\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Availability in the CIA triad means that systems and data are accessible to authorised users whenever they need them.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is ensuring authorised users have access to information/processing when required — this is the Availability component of the CIA security triad.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q55\",\n    \"question\": \"What is the main issue with Symmetric Key cryptography?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"It is too slow for encrypting large amounts of data\",\n      \"It cannot be used with digital signatures\",\n      \"It requires significantly more processing power than public key cryptography\",\n      \"Secret key needs to be secret and exchanged between the 2 parties\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The fundamental problem with symmetric key cryptography is the key distribution problem — the secret key must be securely shared between both parties before communication can begin.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is that the secret key needs to be kept secret and exchanged between both parties — distributing the shared key securely is the main weakness of symmetric cryptography.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q56\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 42530 to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"1010011000110010\",\n      \"1010011000100010\",\n      \"1010010000100010\",\n      \"1010011001100010\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 42530 in binary is 1010011000100010 (= 32768+8192+1024+512+32+2 = 42530).\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 1010011000100010. Converting 42530 to binary: 32768+8192+1024+512+32+2 = 42530, which corresponds to 1010011000100010.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q57\",\n    \"question\": \"Which type of security attack would it be if I were to intercept your login to UTS online?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Integrity attack\",\n      \"Authenticity attack\",\n      \"Availability attack\",\n      \"Confidentiality attack\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Intercepting someone's login means reading private credentials without permission — this is a Confidentiality attack as unauthorised parties gain access to private information.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Confidentiality attack because intercepting (eavesdropping on) a login exposes private credentials to an unauthorised party.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q58\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following is a characteristic of symmetric key cryptography?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Uses two different keys — one public and one private\",\n      \"The receiver generates a key pair and sends the public key to the sender\",\n      \"The sender's private key is used to sign all messages\",\n      \"A common key is shared between encrypter and decrypter\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The defining characteristic of symmetric key cryptography is that the same (common) key is used by both the sender to encrypt and the receiver to decrypt.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is a common key is shared between encrypter and decrypter — this is the fundamental feature that distinguishes symmetric from asymmetric cryptography.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q59\",\n    \"question\": \"With regards to Virtual Memory, what is the difference between Temporal and Spatial Locality?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Temporal: accesses sequential memory addresses. Spatial: reuses the same address repeatedly.\",\n      \"Temporal: uses memory close to the stack. Spatial: uses memory close to the heap.\",\n      \"Temporal: data is stored temporarily in cache. Spatial: data is stored in contiguous disk space.\",\n      \"Temporal locality: uses recently accessed memory. Spatial locality: uses nearby addresses.\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"virtual-memory\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Temporal locality means a recently accessed memory location is likely to be accessed again soon. Spatial locality means memory locations near a recently accessed address are likely to be accessed soon.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is: Temporal locality uses recently accessed memory, and Spatial locality uses nearby addresses — these two principles underpin efficient caching and paging strategies.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q60\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 0011001100001110 to decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"13326\",\n      \"12814\",\n      \"13582\",\n      \"13070\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 0011001100001110 = 8192+4096+256+8+4+2 = 13070 wait: 2^13+2^12+2^9+2^8+2^3+2^2+2^1 = 8192+4096+512+256+8+4+2 = 13070.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 13070. The set bits at positions 13,12,9,8,3,2,1 give: 8192+4096+512+256+8+4+2 = 13070.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q61\",\n    \"question\": \"Given this scenario: A car dealership sells cars on the internet using a web browser and a web server with a database backend. What architecture best describes this?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"2 tier architecture with a fat client\",\n      \"Peer-to-peer architecture\",\n      \"Single tier architecture\",\n      \"3 tier architecture\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"client-server\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. This is a 3-tier architecture: the web browser is the presentation tier (tier 1), the web server is the application/logic tier (tier 2), and the database is the data tier (tier 3).\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 3 tier architecture — web browser (presentation), web server (application logic), and database (data) form three distinct tiers.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q62\",\n    \"question\": \"What would the output of this HTML code look like? To get a Distinction you need a mark <HD and >C and & meet all the requirements
\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"To get a Distinction you need a mark and meet all the requirements\",\n      \"To get a Distinction you need a mark <HD and >C and & meet all the requirements\",\n      \"To get a Distinction you need a mark C and & meet all the requirements\",\n      \"To get a Distinction you need a mark HD and C and meet all the requirements\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The HTML entities < > and & are rendered by the browser as <, >, and & respectively, so the text displays as written with those literal characters.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer shows the literal characters because < renders as <, > renders as >, and & renders as & in HTML.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q63\",\n    \"question\": \"When processes need to communicate with each other, this is referred to as?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Multithreading\",\n      \"Process Scheduling\",\n      \"Deadlock Resolution\",\n      \"IPC (Inter-Process Communication)\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. IPC (Inter-Process Communication) is the set of mechanisms that allow processes to communicate and synchronise their actions, including pipes, sockets, shared memory, and message queues.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is IPC (Inter-Process Communication), the term for all mechanisms that allow processes to exchange data and signals.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q64\",\n    \"question\": \"Which is a suitable method of dealing with deadlocks?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Increasing the number of CPU cores\",\n      \"Allocating all resources to a single process at a time\",\n      \"Disabling multitasking when resources are scarce\",\n      \"Avoidance/Prevention\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Deadlock can be handled through avoidance (e.g. Banker's Algorithm, ensuring a safe state is always maintained) or prevention (structuring resource allocation so deadlock conditions cannot occur).\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Avoidance/Prevention — standard OS strategies for deadlock include prevention (removing a necessary condition) and avoidance (careful resource allocation).\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q65\",\n    \"question\": \"What is the most popular type of network protocol used on the internet?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Circuit Switching\",\n      \"Message Switching\",\n      \"Token Passing\",\n      \"Packet Switching\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Packet Switching (as used by TCP/IP) is the dominant protocol type on the Internet — data is broken into packets that are independently routed across the network.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Packet Switching because the Internet runs on TCP/IP which uses packet switching to route data between hosts.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q66\",\n    \"question\": \"Given the following scenario: I have a program installed on my PC which does a lot of local processing. It connects to a database server on a remote server. What architecture is this?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"3-tier architecture with a thin client\",\n      \"Peer-to-peer architecture\",\n      \"3-tier architecture with a fat client\",\n      \"Two-tier client/server architecture with a Fat client\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"client-server\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A two-tier architecture with a fat client means the client application does significant local processing and communicates directly with a backend database server — no middle application tier.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Two-tier client/server architecture with a Fat client because there are only two tiers (local app + database server) and the client does heavy processing locally.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q67\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 9E3A to Decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"40250\",\n      \"40762\",\n      \"40506\",\n      \"39994\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 9E3A hex = 9×16³ + 14×16² + 3×16¹ + 10×16⁰ = 36864 + 3584 + 48 + 10 = 40506.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 40506. 9×4096 + E(14)×256 + 3×16 + A(10)×1 = 36864+3584+48+10 = 40506.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q68\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 10224 to hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"27F0\",\n      \"28F0\",\n      \"26F0\",\n      \"27E0\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 10224 ÷ 16 = 639 r 0, 639 ÷ 16 = 39 r 15(F), 39 ÷ 16 = 2 r 7, 2 ÷ 16 = 0 r 2 → 27F0.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 27F0. Dividing 10224 by 16 repeatedly: 10224→639 r0, 639→39 rF, 39→2 r7, 2→0 r2 → read remainders in reverse: 27F0.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q69\",\n    \"question\": \"With regards to security, what is hashing?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Encrypting data with a public key so only the receiver can read it\",\n      \"Compressing data to reduce its size for transmission\",\n      \"Signing data with a private key to prove authorship\",\n      \"Putting a code on data to ensure it hasn't been modified\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Hashing produces a fixed-size digest (fingerprint) of data. If the data changes even slightly the hash changes, so it is used to detect whether data has been modified.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is putting a code on data to ensure it hasn't been modified — a hash function generates a fixed digest that changes if the data is altered.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q70\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 1010001110111111 to decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"42175\",\n      \"41663\",\n      \"42687\",\n      \"41919\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 1010001110111111 = 32768+8192+512+256+128+32+16+8+4+2+1 = 41919.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 41919. Adding the positional values for each set bit in 1010001110111111 yields 41919.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q71\",\n    \"question\": \"What are the main differences between authentication and non-repudiation?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Authentication uses symmetric keys; non-repudiation uses asymmetric keys\",\n      \"Authentication verifies data integrity; non-repudiation verifies confidentiality\",\n      \"Authentication encrypts the message; non-repudiation decrypts the message\",\n      \"Authentication indicates who the user is, non-repudiation indicates that the user signed the document\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Authentication proves the identity of a user (who they are), while non-repudiation provides proof that a specific user performed an action (typically signing/sending a document) and cannot deny it.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is authentication indicates who the user is, while non-repudiation indicates that the user signed/sent the document and cannot deny it.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q72\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following are examples of peer to peer applications?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"World Wide Web (HTTP)\",\n      \"Email (SMTP/IMAP)\",\n      \"FTP file transfer\",\n      \"Voice over IP\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Voice over IP (VoIP) is a peer-to-peer application where communication occurs directly between endpoints without requiring a central server to relay the conversation.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Voice over IP — VoIP can operate as peer-to-peer where endpoints communicate directly with each other.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  }\n]",[],[165,183,430],{"_107":437,"_99":438,"_166":439,"_168":184,"_169":148,"_170":147,"_171":172,"_109":440,"_104":33,"_174":192,"_176":441,"_177":22,"_178":-5,"_179":442,"_102":443},"f5dc74c8-2b1d-11f1-bef4-42dde27851f2","2020_p04.json","019d3799-a8be-759b-bf6b-054595b8644e",["D",1774754310283],"[\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q73\",\n    \"question\": \"If I connect to a system over port 110 what am I most likely doing?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Sending email (SMTP)\",\n      \"Retrieving email (IMAP)\",\n      \"Browsing the web (HTTP)\",\n      \"Retrieving email (POP3)\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Port 110 is the standard port for POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3), used to retrieve email from a mail server.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Retrieving email (POP3) because port 110 is assigned to the POP3 protocol for downloading email.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q74\",\n    \"question\": \"What sort of risk assessment would you consider if Mr Evil changes the content of the UTS homepage to say 'pwned you'?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"An internal integrity threat\",\n      \"An industrial espionage external threat\",\n      \"A malicious vandalism external threat\",\n      \"An external availability threat\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Defacing a website by changing its content with malicious intent and no financial motive is considered malicious vandalism — an external integrity attack aimed at embarrassment or disruption.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is a malicious vandalism external threat because defacing a public website is a form of digital vandalism by an external attacker.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q75\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 23FB to Decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"9211\",\n      \"9467\",\n      \"8955\",\n      \"9723\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 23FB hex = 2×16³ + 3×16² + 15×16¹ + 11×16⁰ = 8192 + 768 + 240 + 11 = 9211.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 9211. 2×4096 + 3×256 + F(15)×16 + B(11)×1 = 8192+768+240+11 = 9211.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q76\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following are characteristics of logical memory?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Logical addresses always correspond to a fixed physical address\",\n      \"Logical address space is always smaller than physical address space\",\n      \"Logical addresses are set at hardware level by the CPU manufacturer\",\n      \"Logical address space can be larger than the physical address space if virtual memory is available\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"virtual-memory\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. With virtual memory, the logical (virtual) address space presented to a process can be much larger than the amount of actual physical RAM, because pages that are not currently needed can be stored on disk.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is that logical address space can be larger than physical address space when virtual memory is available — this is the key benefit of virtual memory.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q77\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 52895 to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"1100111010011101\",\n      \"1100111110011111\",\n      \"1100111010011111\",\n      \"1100110010011111\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 52895 in binary is 1100111010011111 — wait: 32768+16384+2048+1024+512+128+16+8+4+2+1 = 52895, giving 1100111010011111.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 1100111010011111. Converting 52895 to binary: 32768+16384+2048+1024+512+128+16+8+4+2+1 = 52895.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q78\",\n    \"question\": \"With regards to security, what does Availability mean?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Ensuring data cannot be read by unauthorised users\",\n      \"Proving that a sender cannot deny sending a message\",\n      \"Ensuring data is not modified during transmission\",\n      \"Ensuring authorised users have access to information/processing when required\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Availability means that authorised users can access the system and its data when they need it — preventing disruptions such as DoS attacks that deny access.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is ensuring authorised users have access to information/processing when required — this is the Availability pillar of the CIA security triad.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q79\",\n    \"question\": \"For logging onto a shell on a remote computer, SSH is recommended over other protocols because:\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"SSH is faster than Telnet for large file transfers\",\n      \"SSH uses a simpler authentication method than other protocols\",\n      \"SSH does not require a username and password\",\n      \"It provides encryption for your username, password and network traffic\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. SSH (Secure Shell) encrypts all traffic including authentication credentials, unlike Telnet which sends usernames, passwords, and all data in cleartext.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is that SSH provides encryption for your username, password and network traffic — this is what makes it secure compared to alternatives like Telnet.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q80\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following is a characteristic of the most common scripting languages?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Scripts must be compiled before execution\",\n      \"Variables must be declared with an explicit data type\",\n      \"Scripting languages run faster than compiled languages\",\n      \"Variables are normally untyped or loosely bound\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"scripting\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Most scripting languages (Bash, Perl, Python, JavaScript) use dynamic/loose typing where variables can hold any type of value without requiring an explicit type declaration.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is variables are normally untyped or loosely bound — this dynamic typing is a defining characteristic of scripting languages.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q81\",\n    \"question\": \"What programming language has the core of UNIX mostly written in?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Assembly\",\n      \"Java\",\n      \"C++\",\n      \"C\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The Unix kernel and core utilities were rewritten in C by Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson at Bell Labs, making C the language most closely associated with Unix.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is C — Unix was famously rewritten in C in the early 1970s, which also helped C become a widely used systems programming language.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q82\",\n    \"question\": \"Looking at the following code, what color will the paragraph text be? hello
\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Red, because the stylesheet is defined in the head\",\n      \"Green, the browser default color\",\n      \"Purple, a mix of red and blue\",\n      \"Blue, because inline style overrides the stylesheet\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"css\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. In CSS specificity, inline styles (applied directly via the style attribute) have the highest specificity and override styles defined in a stylesheet.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Blue because the inline style attribute (style=\\\"color: blue\\\") overrides the external/embedded stylesheet rule due to higher CSS specificity.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q83\",\n    \"question\": \"A chained file system has a file made up of 1000 blocks. Roughly how many times does the file system have to be accessed to find the 27th block?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"1\",\n      \"3\",\n      \"1000\",\n      \"27\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. In chained (linked) allocation, each block contains a pointer to the next block. To reach the 27th block you must follow the chain sequentially: 27 disk accesses.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 27 because in chained allocation there is no direct indexing — you must follow each pointer in the chain one block at a time to reach block 27.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q84\",\n    \"question\": \"You have a HTML table and it is 3 rows down and 4 columns across. You need to join the top cell in each column so it spans two columns. Which HTML attribute would you use?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"rowspan\",\n      \"cellspan\",\n      \"merge\",\n      \"colspan\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The colspan attribute in a  or  element specifies how many columns that cell should span horizontally.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is colspan — this attribute makes a table cell extend across multiple columns.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q85\",\n    \"question\": \"Most file systems are organised as trees. What is an \\\"edge\\\" of a tree in regard to a filesystem?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"The root directory at the top of the tree\",\n      \"A file stored at the end of the directory structure\",\n      \"A hard link between two inodes\",\n      \"This is a \\\"branch\\\" of the tree — the connection between a parent and child directory.\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. In tree theory, an edge connects two nodes. In a file system tree, an edge represents the connection (link/path) between a parent directory and its child directory or file.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is that an edge is the connection between a parent and child directory — it represents the branch/path linking two nodes in the directory tree.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q86\",\n    \"question\": \"How would an index allocation based file system increase the size of a file when the addresses of its data blocks in the inode are all full?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Create a new inode and link them together with a forward pointer\",\n      \"Extend the inode by adding more direct pointer fields\",\n      \"Allocate a new contiguous region and copy all existing data blocks there\",\n      \"Use an indirect block to point to the address of data or more address blocks.\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. When the direct block pointers in an inode are exhausted, the file system uses indirect blocks — a block that itself contains pointers to data blocks (or further indirect blocks).\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is to use an indirect block to point to additional data or address blocks, allowing the inode to reference more data than its direct pointers allow.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q87\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following are not commonly found in Graphical User Interfaces?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Icons and visual menus\",\n      \"Mouse-driven navigation\",\n      \"Window-based applications\",\n      \"Command prompt\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A command prompt (text-based CLI) is the opposite of a GUI — GUIs use windows, icons, menus and a pointing device, not text command entry.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Command prompt because a command-line interface is specifically not a feature of GUIs — GUIs replace text commands with visual elements.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q88\",\n    \"question\": \"With regards to SMTP, what is the difference between a Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) and a Mail User Agent (MUA)?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"An MTA stores email; an MUA delivers email\",\n      \"An MTA encrypts email; an MUA decrypts email\",\n      \"An MTA and MUA are identical — both are mail servers\",\n      \"A MTA is typically a mail server and a mail client, while a MUA is typically a mail client only\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. An MTA (Mail Transfer Agent) is server software that routes and transfers email between servers. An MUA (Mail User Agent) is the client application (like Outlook or Thunderbird) that the end-user uses to compose and read email.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is that an MTA acts as the mail server/relay while an MUA is the end-user email client application.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q89\",\n    \"question\": \"If I connect to a system over port 143 what am I most likely doing?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Sending email (SMTP)\",\n      \"Retrieving email (POP3)\",\n      \"Transferring files (FTP)\",\n      \"Retrieving email (IMAP)\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Port 143 is the standard port for IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol), which allows email clients to access and manage messages stored on a mail server.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Retrieving email (IMAP) because port 143 is assigned to the IMAP protocol.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q90\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert decimal 17160 to binary\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"0100001100001000\",\n      \"0100001100011000\",\n      \"0100001110001000\",\n      \"0100001100001100\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 17160 = 16384 + 512 + 256 + 8 = 0100001100001000.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 0100001100001000. 17160 = 2^14 + 2^9 + 2^8 + 2^3 = 16384+512+256+8 = 17160.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q91\",\n    \"question\": \"What are the main differences between a modem and a NIC (network interface card)?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A modem connects wirelessly; a NIC connects via cable only\",\n      \"A modem is faster than a NIC for internet connections\",\n      \"A modem and NIC are interchangeable for home internet connections\",\n      \"A modem converts between analog signals and digital signals. A NIC directly connects to a digital network.\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A modem (modulator-demodulator) converts digital data to/from analog signals for transmission over phone lines. A NIC connects a computer directly to a digital network (like Ethernet).\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is that a modem converts between analog and digital signals, while a NIC directly connects to a digital network.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q92\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 0101101001101111 to decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"23407\",\n      \"22895\",\n      \"23151\",\n      \"23663\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 0101101001101111 = 16384+4096+2048+512+256+64+32+8+4+2+1 = 23151.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 23151. Adding the positional values of each set bit in 0101101001101111 yields 23151.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q93\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 1001000101110100 to Hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"9174\",\n      \"8174\",\n      \"9274\",\n      \"9164\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Split into nibbles: 1001=9, 0001=1, 0111=7, 0100=4 → 9174.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 9174. Grouping the binary into 4-bit nibbles: 1001=9, 0001=1, 0111=7, 0100=4 gives 9174.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q94\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 5BA3 to Decimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"23715\",\n      \"23203\",\n      \"23971\",\n      \"23459\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 5BA3 hex = 5×16³ + 11×16² + 10×16¹ + 3×16⁰ = 20480 + 2816 + 160 + 3 = 23459.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 23459. 5×4096 + B(11)×256 + A(10)×16 + 3×1 = 20480+2816+160+3 = 23459.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q95\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following security mechanisms would help detect a failure of Integrity?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Using strong password policies\",\n      \"Using public key encryption for all transmissions\",\n      \"Implementing a firewall to block external access\",\n      \"Using an Audit Trail\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. An audit trail records all changes and access to data, making it possible to detect and investigate unauthorised modifications — detecting failures of integrity.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Using an Audit Trail because an audit log records who changed what and when, which is the primary tool for detecting integrity violations.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q96\",\n    \"question\": \"To try and reduce the inconsistency in Unix commands and their operation, a set of standards was defined. What were they?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"RFC standards\",\n      \"ISO 9001 standards\",\n      \"GNU standards\",\n      \"POSIX\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. POSIX (Portable Operating System Interface) is a family of standards defined by IEEE to ensure compatibility and consistency across Unix-like operating systems.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is POSIX — these standards were created to standardise the Unix programming interface and command behaviour across different Unix implementations.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  }\n]",[],[165,183,438],{"_107":445,"_99":446,"_166":447,"_168":184,"_169":148,"_170":147,"_171":172,"_109":448,"_104":33,"_174":192,"_176":449,"_177":22,"_178":-5,"_179":450,"_102":451},"f5dccbee-2b1d-11f1-bef4-42dde27851f2","2020_p05.json","019d3799-a8be-759b-bf6b-092c29c5f44d",["D",1774754310283],"[\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q97\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following is not a network device?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Router\",\n      \"Switch\",\n      \"Hub\",\n      \"Control Unit\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A Control Unit is a component inside a CPU that manages instruction execution — it is not a network device. Routers, switches, and hubs are all network devices.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Control Unit because it is part of a CPU's internal architecture, not a device used to connect computers in a network.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q98\",\n    \"question\": \"Convert binary 0111110010010100 to Hexadecimal\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"7C84\",\n      \"7D94\",\n      \"7C94\",\n      \"6C94\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Split into nibbles: 0111=7, 1100=C, 1001=9, 0100=4 → 7C94.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 7C94. Grouping the binary into 4-bit nibbles: 0111=7, 1100=C, 1001=9, 0100=4 gives 7C94.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q99\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following statements is true? A \\\"cylinder\\\" on a hard disk is...\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"The physical spindle that the disk platters rotate around\",\n      \"A single circular track on one platter surface\",\n      \"The read/write head assembly that moves across the disk\",\n      \"A collection of tracks on all platters which are horizontally in the same position\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A cylinder is the set of all tracks at the same radial position across all platters — like a vertical cylinder cutting through the stack of platters.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is a collection of tracks on all platters at the same horizontal (radial) position — reading all tracks in one cylinder requires no head movement.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q100\",\n    \"question\": \"HTML and CSS stand for:\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"HyperText Markup Language and Computer Style Sheets\",\n      \"HyperText Managed Language and Cascading Style Sheets\",\n      \"Hyperlink Text Markup Language and Cascading Style Sheets\",\n      \"Hyper Text Markup Language and Cascading Style Sheets\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. HTML stands for HyperText Markup Language and CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Hyper Text Markup Language and Cascading Style Sheets — these are the full names for HTML and CSS.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q101\",\n    \"question\": \"What does it mean when a process is \\\"blocked\\\"?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"The process has been terminated by the operating system\",\n      \"The process is currently executing on the CPU\",\n      \"The process has been suspended by the user\",\n      \"The process needs to wait for a resource\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A blocked process is waiting for some event or resource (like I/O completion, a semaphore, or a lock) before it can continue executing.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is the process needs to wait for a resource — blocked is the OS process state where a process is waiting for I/O or another resource.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q102\",\n    \"question\": \"How do you select all  elements inside a 
 element in CSS?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"div + p\",\n      \"div > p\",\n      \"div, p\",\n      \"div p\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"css\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The descendant selector 'div p' selects all  elements that are anywhere inside a 
 element (at any nesting level).\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 'div p' — a space between selectors creates a descendant selector that matches all  elements nested within a 
.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q103\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following is equivalent to B OR NOT (A OR B)?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A OR NOT(B)\",\n      \"NOT(A) AND B\",\n      \"A AND NOT(B)\",\n      \"B OR NOT(A)\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"boolean-logic\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. B OR NOT(A OR B) = B OR (NOT A AND NOT B) by De Morgan's = (B OR NOT A) AND (B OR NOT B) = (B OR NOT A) AND TRUE = B OR NOT(A).\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is B OR NOT(A). Using De Morgan's law: NOT(A OR B) = NOT A AND NOT B. Then B OR (NOT A AND NOT B) simplifies to B OR NOT(A).\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q104\",\n    \"question\": \"A process is:\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A file stored on disk containing executable code\",\n      \"A subroutine within a running application\",\n      \"A background thread managed by the kernel\",\n      \"Any instance of a running program\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A process is any instance of a program that is currently running — it has its own memory space, state, and system resources.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is any instance of a running program — a process is the active execution of a program, distinct from the static program file on disk.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q105\",\n    \"question\": \"I am logged in as a student and my current directory is /home/student. What is the RELATIVE path to the upper data directory /usr/local/linuxgym-data?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"/usr/local/linuxgym-data\",\n      \"../local/linuxgym-data\",\n      \"usr/local/linuxgym-data\",\n      \"../../usr/local/linuxgym-data\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. From /home/student you go up two levels (../../) to reach /, then descend into usr/local/linuxgym-data, giving the relative path ../../usr/local/linuxgym-data.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is ../../usr/local/linuxgym-data — you need to go up two directories (from student to home, then home to /) before descending into /usr/local/linuxgym-data.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q106\",\n    \"question\": \"A contiguous file is made up of 1000 blocks. How many times does the file system have to be accessed to find the 27th block?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"27\",\n      \"3\",\n      \"1000\",\n      \"1 (direct calculation — O(1))\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. In contiguous allocation, the starting block and length are stored in the directory. The 27th block is simply startBlock + 26, calculated mathematically in one access — O(1).\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 1 access (O(1)) because contiguous allocation allows direct calculation of any block's address from the file's start block.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q107\",\n    \"question\": \"What is the best tag for pre-formatted text?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"\",\n      \"\",\n      \"\",\n      \"\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The  tag preserves both whitespace and line breaks exactly as written in the HTML source, making it the best choice for pre-formatted text.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is  — this tag displays text in a fixed-width font and preserves all spaces and newlines as written.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q108\",\n    \"question\": \"With regards to security what does integrity mean?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Ensuring only authorised users can access information\",\n      \"Encrypting data so it cannot be intercepted in transit\",\n      \"Proving that a message was sent by a specific person\",\n      \"Safeguarding accuracy and completeness of information\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Data integrity means ensuring that information is accurate and complete, and has not been altered or destroyed in an unauthorised manner.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is safeguarding accuracy and completeness of information — this is the definition of Integrity in the CIA security triad.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q109\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following HTML code best represents a definition list showing Cats - Order Feline, Dogs - Order Canine?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Cats: Order Feline
Dogs: Order Canine
\",\n      \"Cats - Order Feline
Dogs - Order Canine
\",\n      \"Cats Order Feline
Dogs Order Canine
\",\n      \"Cats
Order Feline
Dogs
Order Canine
\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A definition list uses  as the container,  for the term being defined, and 
 for the definition/description.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Cats
Order Feline
... because , , and 
 are the correct HTML elements for definition lists.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q110\",\n    \"question\": \"Not(X XOR Y) is logically equivalent to?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"NOT(X) AND NOT(Y)\",\n      \"X XOR NOT(Y)\",\n      \"NOT(X) OR NOT(Y)\",\n      \"(X OR NOT(Y)) AND (NOT(X) OR Y)\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"boolean-logic\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. NOT(X XOR Y) is the XNOR operation (true when X and Y are equal). It can be written as (X AND Y) OR (NOT X AND NOT Y), which is equivalent to (X OR NOT Y) AND (NOT X OR Y).\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is (X OR NOT(Y)) AND (NOT(X) OR Y). NOT(X XOR Y) equals XNOR, which expands to (X OR NOT Y) AND (NOT X OR Y).\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q111\",\n    \"question\": \"In a multitasking operating system on a single CPU computer, several processes can be ready for running at the same time. How does the OS handle this?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"It runs all processes truly simultaneously using hyperthreading\",\n      \"It assigns each process a fixed dedicated time and waits for it to finish\",\n      \"It pauses lower-priority processes permanently until higher-priority ones finish\",\n      \"Putting all ready processes in a queue and allowing them to share the processor and other resources in turn\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The OS scheduler maintains a ready queue and uses time-slicing to share the single CPU among all ready processes, switching between them rapidly.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is putting all ready processes in a queue and allowing them to share the processor in turn — this is how a single-CPU multitasking OS works.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q112\",\n    \"question\": \"What is the difference between a relative and absolute link?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A relative link always points to an external website; an absolute link points within the same site\",\n      \"A relative link uses a file path; an absolute link uses an IP address\",\n      \"A relative link and absolute link are functionally identical in modern browsers\",\n      \"Absolute: the url starts with http://\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. An absolute link includes the full URL starting with a protocol like http://, while a relative link uses a path relative to the current page's location.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is that an absolute link starts with http:// (or https://) — it contains the full URL, whereas a relative link only contains a path relative to the current document.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q113\",\n    \"question\": \"Which tag starts the following HTML fragment: 1. Test 2. Test 3. Test (numbered list)?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"ul\",\n      \"li\",\n      \"dl\",\n      \"ol\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The  (ordered list) tag creates a numbered list in HTML, where items are automatically numbered in sequence.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is ol (ordered list) — this tag produces an automatically numbered list, unlike  which produces a bulleted list.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q114\",\n    \"question\": \"(X AND NOT(Y)) OR NOT(Z) is logically equivalent to?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"(X AND NOT(Y)) AND (X OR NOT(Z))\",\n      \"(X OR NOT(Z)) OR (NOT(Y) AND NOT(Z))\",\n      \"NOT(X) OR Y OR NOT(Z)\",\n      \"(X OR NOT(Z)) AND (NOT(Y) OR NOT(Z))\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"boolean-logic\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Distributing OR over AND: (X AND NOT Y) OR NOT Z = (X OR NOT Z) AND (NOT Y OR NOT Z) by the distributive law of boolean algebra.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is (X OR NOT(Z)) AND (NOT(Y) OR NOT(Z)). Using the distributive law: A OR (B AND C) = (A OR B) AND (A OR C), where A=NOT Z, B=X, C=NOT Y.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q115\",\n    \"question\": \"You have a device at home which connects you to the internet via an ADSL connection to an internet service provider. It sometimes includes a wireless access point and sometimes additional network ports. What is this device?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A Network Switch\",\n      \"A Proxy Server\",\n      \"A Wireless Access Point\",\n      \"A Router/Modem\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A Router/Modem (often combined in a single device) connects your home network to the internet via ADSL, handles routing between your LAN and the internet, and may include Wi-Fi and additional Ethernet ports.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is a Router/Modem — home internet gateways typically combine modem (ADSL conversion) and router (traffic routing) functions in one device.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q116\",\n    \"question\": \"(A AND B) AND (C OR (B AND NOT(A))) is logically the same as?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A AND B AND (C OR B)\",\n      \"A AND NOT(B) AND C\",\n      \"B AND C AND NOT(A)\",\n      \"A AND B AND C\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"boolean-logic\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Since (A AND B) is already given as true, NOT(A) within the expression is false, making (B AND NOT(A)) false. So C OR (B AND NOT(A)) reduces to C OR FALSE = C. The full expression becomes A AND B AND C.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is A AND B AND C. When A AND B is true, NOT(A) is false, so B AND NOT(A) is false, simplifying C OR (B AND NOT(A)) to just C.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q117\",\n    \"question\": \"Processes require resources in order to operate, however, when a set of processes can't complete due to conflicting resource usage, this is referred to as:\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Starvation\",\n      \"Thrashing\",\n      \"Race Condition\",\n      \"Deadlock\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Deadlock occurs when a set of processes are each waiting for a resource held by another process in the set, causing all of them to be stuck indefinitely.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Deadlock — the circular waiting for resources held by other processes in the group is the classic definition of deadlock.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q118\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following \\\"Big O\\\" notations has the HIGHEST cost? (e.g. number of accesses required to read a file's blocks)\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"O(1)\",\n      \"O(log n)\",\n      \"O(n)\",\n      \"O(n²)\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. O(n²) grows quadratically and is the most expensive of these options. As n increases, n² grows much faster than n, log n, or the constant O(1).\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is O(n²) — quadratic growth is the highest cost among O(1), O(log n), O(n), and O(n²).\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q119\",\n    \"question\": \"I'm logged onto a computer and I know it stores files using inodes. The system I'm most likely using is:\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Windows NTFS\",\n      \"macOS HFS+\",\n      \"FAT32\",\n      \"UNIX\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Inodes are a fundamental concept in Unix/Linux file systems. Unix uses inodes to store metadata about files and pointers to their data blocks.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is UNIX because inodes are the data structure used by Unix and Linux file systems (like ext4) to manage file metadata and block pointers.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q120\",\n    \"question\": \"What is the difference between a file manager and a file system?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A file manager runs in kernel space; a file system runs in user space\",\n      \"A file manager is software for servers; a file system is software for desktop PCs\",\n      \"They are synonymous — both refer to the same software component\",\n      \"A file manager can manipulate file names/directories, while a file system manages how data is physically stored on disk\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A file manager (like Windows Explorer or Finder) provides a user interface for working with files and directories. A file system is the underlying OS component that defines how data is physically organised and stored on storage media.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is that a file manager manipulates file names/directories (user interface) while a file system manages physical storage — they operate at different levels of abstraction.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  }\n]",[],[165,183,446],{"_107":453,"_99":454,"_166":455,"_168":184,"_169":148,"_170":147,"_171":172,"_109":456,"_104":33,"_174":192,"_176":457,"_177":22,"_178":-5,"_179":458,"_102":459},"f5dd25d0-2b1d-11f1-bef4-42dde27851f2","2020_p06.json","019d3799-a8be-759b-bf6b-0d8949c19cbe",["D",1774754310283],"[\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q121\",\n    \"question\": \"What statement is most true about three-tier client/server architectures?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"All three tiers must always run on separate physical machines\",\n      \"The 1st tier must always be a web browser\",\n      \"The 3rd tier is always an application server\",\n      \"The 2nd and 3rd tier may or may not be on different computers\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"client-server\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. In three-tier architecture, the application tier (2nd) and data tier (3rd) can be on the same or different physical machines — the tiers are logical separations, not necessarily physical ones.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is the 2nd and 3rd tier may or may not be on different computers — three-tier is a logical architecture and doesn't mandate separate physical servers for each tier.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q122\",\n    \"question\": \"NOT(X) OR NOT(X XOR Y) is logically equivalent to\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"NOT(X) OR NOT(Y)\",\n      \"NOT(X) AND (X OR Y)\",\n      \"X AND NOT(Y)\",\n      \"NOT(X) OR (X AND Y)\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"boolean-logic\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. NOT(X XOR Y) = XNOR(X,Y) = (X AND Y) OR (NOT X AND NOT Y). Then NOT(X) OR XNOR(X,Y) = NOT(X) OR (X AND Y) OR (NOT X AND NOT Y) = NOT(X) OR (X AND Y) since NOT(X) already covers NOT(X AND NOT Y).\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is NOT(X) OR (X AND Y). Expanding NOT(X XOR Y) as XNOR and simplifying with NOT(X) yields NOT(X) OR (X AND Y).\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q123\",\n    \"question\": \"With regards to security what is Non-Repudiation?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Encrypting a message so only the receiver can read it\",\n      \"Verifying that a user's password is correct\",\n      \"Ensuring data has not been modified during transmission\",\n      \"It can be proved that the sender did send a given message\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Non-repudiation means the sender cannot later deny having sent a message — it is typically achieved via digital signatures using the sender's private key.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is it can be proved that the sender did send a given message — non-repudiation provides undeniable proof of the origin of a communication.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q124\",\n    \"question\": \"What is the main difference between authentication and non-repudiation?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Authentication uses hashing; non-repudiation uses symmetric encryption\",\n      \"Authentication is for systems; non-repudiation is for users\",\n      \"Authentication checks data integrity; non-repudiation checks confidentiality\",\n      \"Authentication indicates who the user is, non-repudiation indicates that the user signed the document\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Authentication verifies identity (who you are), while non-repudiation provides irrefutable proof of an action taken (that you sent or signed something).\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is authentication indicates who the user is, while non-repudiation indicates that the user signed/sent the document — they serve distinct security purposes.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q125\",\n    \"question\": \"Not (Z AND Z) OR (X AND Z) is logically equivalent to?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"NOT(Z) AND X\",\n      \"NOT(Z) AND NOT(X)\",\n      \"Z OR NOT(X)\",\n      \"NOT(Z) OR X\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"boolean-logic\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. NOT(Z AND Z) = NOT(Z) since Z AND Z = Z. So the expression becomes NOT(Z) OR (X AND Z) = (NOT(Z) OR X) AND (NOT(Z) OR Z) = (NOT(Z) OR X) AND TRUE = NOT(Z) OR X.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is NOT(Z) OR X. NOT(Z AND Z) simplifies to NOT(Z), then NOT(Z) OR (X AND Z) = NOT(Z) OR X by absorption.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q126\",\n    \"question\": \"If I have a 3-tier based shopping cart website, where should the orders be stored?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"In the 1st tier (presentation tier)\",\n      \"Split equally across all three tiers\",\n      \"In the 2nd tier (application tier)\",\n      \"In the 3rd tier (data tier)\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"client-server\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. In a 3-tier architecture, persistent data such as orders are stored in the 3rd tier — the data tier, which is typically a database.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is in the 3rd tier (data tier) because persistent business data like orders belongs in the database layer of a 3-tier application.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q127\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following \\\"Big O\\\" notations has the LEAST cost? (e.g. number of accesses required to read a file's blocks)\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"O(log n)\",\n      \"O(n)\",\n      \"O(n²)\",\n      \"O(1)\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. O(1) means constant time — the operation takes the same amount of time regardless of input size, making it the most efficient (least cost) notation.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is O(1) — constant time complexity is the least costly because the number of accesses does not increase as the file or dataset grows.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q128\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following concepts has simplified the conceptual design of UNIX?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"UNIX uses a microkernel architecture with many separate subsystems\",\n      \"UNIX separates the GUI from the kernel to improve performance\",\n      \"UNIX relies on a registry to store all system configuration\",\n      \"Everything in UNIX is one of \\\"files\\\", \\\"processes\\\", \\\"permissions\\\" and \\\"users\\\".\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Unix's design philosophy unifies everything under a small set of abstractions — files, processes, permissions, and users — making the system conceptually simple and consistent.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is everything in UNIX is one of files, processes, permissions and users — this unified abstraction is what makes Unix's design elegant and simple.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q129\",\n    \"question\": \"What is the best way to get a new-line in a paragraph?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"\",\n      \"\",\n      \"\",\n      \"
\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The 
 (line break) tag inserts a single line break within a paragraph without starting a new paragraph block.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 
 — this is the HTML tag for inserting a line break within existing text content.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q130\",\n    \"question\": \"Which  attribute should be used to display text if the browser can't show the image?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"title\",\n      \"src\",\n      \"caption\",\n      \"alt\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The alt attribute provides alternative text that is displayed when an image cannot be shown and is also used by screen readers for accessibility.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is alt — the alt attribute specifies alternative text for an image when it cannot be displayed.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q131\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following HTML tags don't need a closing tag?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"
\",\n      \"
\",\n      \"\",\n      \"
\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. 
 is a void element (self-closing) — it does not have any content and therefore does not need (and cannot have) a closing tag.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 
 because it is a void element that represents a line break and has no content to wrap, so no closing tag is needed.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q132\",\n    \"question\": \"Which file allocation method is the fastest at retrieving blocks when we don't care about the efficiency of the on-disk storage?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Chained Allocation\",\n      \"Indexed Allocation\",\n      \"FAT Allocation\",\n      \"Contiguous Allocation\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Contiguous allocation is the fastest for reading because all blocks are adjacent on disk — the read head doesn't need to seek to different locations, giving O(1) random access.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Contiguous Allocation because all data blocks are stored sequentially on disk, allowing any block to be accessed with a single seek and minimal head movement.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q133\",\n    \"question\": \"Where are the configuration files normally stored for a UNIX system?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"/bin\",\n      \"/home\",\n      \"/var\",\n      \"/etc\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. On Unix/Linux systems, /etc is the standard directory for system-wide configuration files.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is /etc — this directory conventionally holds all system configuration files on Unix/Linux systems.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q134\",\n    \"question\": \"Where does the doctype go on a web page?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Inside the  tag\",\n      \"At the end of the HTML file\",\n      \"After the  tag\",\n      \"Above the  tag\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The DOCTYPE declaration must appear at the very top of an HTML document, before the  tag, to tell the browser which version of HTML is being used.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is above the  tag — the DOCTYPE declaration must be the very first thing in an HTML file.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q135\",\n    \"question\": \"Which attribute in an  tag creates a link to an anchor?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"name\",\n      \"id\",\n      \"src\",\n      \"href\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The href attribute in an  tag specifies the destination of the hyperlink, including links to anchors using the # symbol (e.g. href=\\\"#section1\\\").\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is href — the href attribute defines the hyperlink destination in an anchor tag, and can reference a named anchor using #anchorname.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q136\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following is not valid notation?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"(X AND Y) OR Z\",\n      \"NOT(X AND Y)\",\n      \"X AND (Y OR Z)\",\n      \"X AND Y OR Z (mixing AND and OR at the same level without parentheses is ambiguous)\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"boolean-logic\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Writing X AND Y OR Z without parentheses is ambiguous because it doesn't clearly define operator precedence — it could mean (X AND Y) OR Z or X AND (Y OR Z). Parentheses are required for unambiguous notation.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is X AND Y OR Z without parentheses because mixing AND and OR operators at the same level without parentheses creates ambiguous notation.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q137\",\n    \"question\": \"What does the Kernel do in an operating system?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Provides the user interface for the operating system\",\n      \"Manages user accounts and file permissions only\",\n      \"Runs all application programs directly\",\n      \"Controls the hardware directly\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The kernel is the core of an operating system that has direct control over all hardware — it manages CPU scheduling, memory, device drivers, and system calls.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is controls the hardware directly — the kernel is the privileged core of the OS responsible for low-level hardware management.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q138\",\n    \"question\": \"Not (Z AND Z) OR (X AND Z) is logically equivalent to?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"NOT(Z) AND NOT(X)\",\n      \"X AND NOT(Z)\",\n      \"Z OR NOT(X)\",\n      \"NOT(Z) OR X\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"boolean-logic\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. NOT(Z AND Z) simplifies to NOT(Z), since Z AND Z = Z. Then NOT(Z) OR (X AND Z) = NOT(Z) OR X using the absorption/distribution law.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is NOT(Z) OR X. Simplify NOT(Z AND Z) to NOT(Z), then NOT(Z) OR (X AND Z) reduces to NOT(Z) OR X.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q139\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following is the best example of a \\\"Fat\\\" client?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A web browser accessing a cloud application\",\n      \"A terminal connected to a mainframe\",\n      \"A thin client device accessing a remote desktop server\",\n      \"Microsoft Access when connecting to a SQL server database\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"client-server\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Microsoft Access is a fat (thick) client because the application does significant local processing — it runs the database UI and business logic locally while accessing data stored on the SQL server.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Microsoft Access connecting to a SQL server because the Access application performs substantial processing on the client machine, making it a fat client.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q140\",\n    \"question\": \"(A or B) and not(C) is logically the same as?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A and B and not(C)\",\n      \"not(A) and not(B) and C\",\n      \"A or (B and not(C))\",\n      \"(A and not(C)) or (B and not(C))\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"boolean-logic\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. By the distributive law of boolean algebra: (A OR B) AND NOT(C) = (A AND NOT(C)) OR (B AND NOT(C)).\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is (A and not(C)) or (B and not(C)). This is the distributive law: (A OR B) AND NOT(C) distributes to (A AND NOT(C)) OR (B AND NOT(C)).\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q141\",\n    \"question\": \"What is the main difference between a classic (or basic) peer-to-peer architecture versus a hybrid peer-to-peer?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Hybrid peer-to-peer uses only wired connections\",\n      \"Hybrid peer-to-peer typically involves one or more servers\",\n      \"Classic peer-to-peer requires a central authentication server\",\n      \"Hybrid peer-to-peer cannot share files between peers\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. In a hybrid peer-to-peer architecture, one or more central servers assist with tasks like peer discovery or indexing, whereas classic (pure) P2P has no central servers at all.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is that hybrid peer-to-peer typically involves one or more servers — unlike pure P2P, hybrid P2P uses servers to help coordinate peers (e.g. for discovery or indexing).\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q142\",\n    \"question\": \"Not(A and not(B)) is logically the same as?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Not(A) AND Not(B)\",\n      \"A AND B\",\n      \"Not(A) OR B\",\n      \"A OR Not(B)\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"boolean-logic\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. By De Morgan's law: NOT(A AND NOT(B)) = NOT(A) OR NOT(NOT(B)) = NOT(A) OR B.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is NOT(A) OR B. Applying De Morgan's law: NOT(A AND NOT(B)) = NOT(A) OR NOT(NOT(B)) = NOT(A) OR B.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q143\",\n    \"question\": \"I have a program which runs in the background and manages my network connection. In operating systems terminology, what is this called?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A shell\",\n      \"A kernel module\",\n      \"A daemon (or service/background process)\",\n      \"An interrupt handler\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A daemon (also called a service or background process) is a program that runs in the background without direct user interaction, often managing system resources such as network connections.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is a daemon (or service/background process) — daemons run silently in the background handling system tasks like managing network connections.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q144\",\n    \"question\": \"The faculty of engineering and IT has labs and offices in over 14 levels in building 11 and they are all connected via a network. Which term best describes this network?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A wide area network (WAN)\",\n      \"A metropolitan area network (MAN)\",\n      \"A personal area network (PAN)\",\n      \"A local area network (LAN)\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A LAN (Local Area Network) covers a limited geographic area such as a single building or campus, making it the best description for computers connected within one building.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is a local area network (LAN) — a LAN spans a single building or campus, which fits all the labs and offices in building 11 being connected.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  }\n]",[],[165,183,454],{"_107":461,"_99":462,"_166":463,"_168":184,"_169":148,"_170":147,"_171":172,"_109":464,"_104":33,"_174":192,"_176":465,"_177":22,"_178":-5,"_179":466,"_102":467},"f5dd78e6-2b1d-11f1-bef4-42dde27851f2","2020_p07.json","019d3799-a8be-759b-bf6b-11b55c7ee7a8",["D",1774754310283],"[\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q145\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following best represents the colour RED in HTML?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"#00FF00\",\n      \"#0000FF\",\n      \"#FFFFFF\",\n      \"#FF0000\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. In HTML/CSS hex colour notation, #FF0000 sets the red channel to maximum (FF = 255) and both green and blue channels to zero, producing pure red.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is #FF0000. In hex colour notation, the first two digits are the red channel — FF means maximum red, and 00 for green and blue means no other colour is mixed in.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q146\",\n    \"question\": \"Which is the most typical middle tier in a three tier web architecture?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A database tier\",\n      \"A presentation tier\",\n      \"An application tier\",\n      \"A caching tier\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"client-server\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. In a three-tier web architecture the middle tier is typically the application (logic) tier, which processes requests from the presentation tier and communicates with the data tier.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is an application tier — in three-tier architecture, the middle layer handles business logic and sits between the client presentation layer and the backend database tier.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q147\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following is the most efficient disk allocation algorithm for a read-only filesystem?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Linked allocation\",\n      \"Indexed allocation\",\n      \"FAT (File Allocation Table)\",\n      \"Contiguous\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Contiguous allocation is most efficient for read-only filesystems because files never change, so fragmentation is not a concern and sequential reads are very fast with no pointer overhead.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is contiguous allocation — since a read-only filesystem never modifies files, contiguous allocation avoids fragmentation issues and provides the fastest sequential access.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q148\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following is the best example of a wide area network?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A network connecting computers in a single office floor\",\n      \"A network that covers a large geographic area\",\n      \"A Bluetooth connection between two devices\",\n      \"A network connecting devices in a single home\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A wide area network (WAN) is defined by spanning a large geographic area, potentially across cities, countries, or continents — the internet is the largest example of a WAN.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is a network that covers a large geographic area — WANs are defined by their broad geographic reach, spanning regions, countries, or globally.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q149\",\n    \"question\": \"Regarding the theory of trees, which directory is a \\\"leaf\\\" node?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"The root directory of the filesystem\",\n      \"A directory that contains only files but has subdirectories\",\n      \"The directory with the most files\",\n      \"A directory with no subdirectories (no children)\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. In tree theory, a leaf node is any node with no children. For a directory tree, a directory is a leaf if it has no subdirectories beneath it.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is a directory with no subdirectories (no children) — in tree terminology, a leaf node is one that has no child nodes, meaning no subdirectories in the context of a directory tree.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  }\n]",[],[165,183,462],[165,183],{"_107":470,"_99":471,"_166":472,"_168":167,"_169":148,"_170":147,"_171":172,"_109":473,"_104":33,"_174":175,"_176":-5,"_177":22,"_178":-5,"_179":474,"_102":475},"f5dd915a-2b1d-11f1-bef4-42dde27851f2","datasets","019d3799-a8be-759b-bf6b-1a754864da72",["D",1774754310283],[],[165,471],{"_107":477,"_99":478,"_166":479,"_168":167,"_169":148,"_170":147,"_171":172,"_109":480,"_104":33,"_174":192,"_176":481,"_177":22,"_178":-5,"_179":482,"_102":483},"f5dd9808-2b1d-11f1-bef4-42dde27851f2","manifest.json","019d3799-a8be-759b-bf6b-1d16fe68c206",["D",1774754310283],"{\n  \"title\": \"BIT Web Systems Unified Quiz Catalog\",\n  \"generatedAt\": \"2026-03-29T02:24:20.485983+00:00\",\n  \"years\": [\n    2016,\n    2017,\n    2019,\n    2020\n  ],\n  \"topics\": [\n    \"boolean-logic\",\n    \"client-server\",\n    \"css\",\n    \"file-systems\",\n    \"html\",\n    \"networking\",\n    \"number-systems\",\n    \"operating-systems\",\n    \"scripting\",\n    \"security\",\n    \"virtual-memory\"\n  ],\n  \"questionCounts\": {\n    \"2016\": 160,\n    \"2017\": 238,\n    \"2019\": 262,\n    \"2020\": 149\n  },\n  \"datasets\": [\n    {\n      \"year\": 2016,\n      \"title\": \"BIT Web Systems 2016 Quiz Pool\",\n      \"questionCount\": 160,\n      \"chunks\": [\n        \"./chunks/2016_p01.json\",\n        \"./chunks/2016_p02.json\",\n        \"./chunks/2016_p03.json\",\n        \"./chunks/2016_p04.json\",\n        \"./chunks/2016_p05.json\",\n        \"./chunks/2016_p06.json\",\n        \"./chunks/2016_p07.json\"\n      ],\n      \"countsByTopicAndQuiz\": {\n        \"boolean-logic\": { \"1\": 1, \"2\": 7 },\n        \"client-server\": { \"1\": 0, \"2\": 0 },\n        \"css\": { \"1\": 14, \"2\": 10 },\n        \"file-systems\": { \"1\": 10, \"2\": 4 },\n        \"html\": { \"1\": 5, \"2\": 3 },\n        \"networking\": { \"1\": 1, \"2\": 10 },\n        \"number-systems\": { \"1\": 6, \"2\": 48 },\n        \"operating-systems\": { \"1\": 4, \"2\": 9 },\n        \"scripting\": { \"1\": 3, \"2\": 1 },\n        \"security\": { \"1\": 12, \"2\": 7 },\n        \"virtual-memory\": { \"1\": 3, \"2\": 2 }\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2017,\n      \"title\": \"BIT Web Systems 2017 Quiz Pool\",\n      \"questionCount\": 238,\n      \"chunks\": [\n        \"./chunks/2017_p01.json\",\n        \"./chunks/2017_p02.json\",\n        \"./chunks/2017_p03.json\",\n        \"./chunks/2017_p04.json\",\n        \"./chunks/2017_p05.json\",\n        \"./chunks/2017_p06.json\",\n        \"./chunks/2017_p07.json\",\n        \"./chunks/2017_p08.json\",\n        \"./chunks/2017_p09.json\",\n        \"./chunks/2017_p10.json\"\n      ],\n      \"countsByTopicAndQuiz\": {\n        \"boolean-logic\": { \"1\": 4, \"2\": 8 },\n        \"client-server\": { \"1\": 2, \"2\": 5 },\n        \"css\": { \"1\": 1, \"2\": 1 },\n        \"file-systems\": { \"1\": 21, \"2\": 6 },\n        \"html\": { \"1\": 29, \"2\": 9 },\n        \"networking\": { \"1\": 4, \"2\": 12 },\n        \"number-systems\": { \"1\": 19, \"2\": 56 },\n        \"operating-systems\": { \"1\": 9, \"2\": 4 },\n        \"scripting\": { \"1\": 4, \"2\": 4 },\n        \"security\": { \"1\": 22, \"2\": 9 },\n        \"virtual-memory\": { \"1\": 3, \"2\": 6 }\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"year\": 2019,\n      \"title\": \"BIT Web Systems 2019 Quiz Pool\",\n      \"questionCount\": 262,\n      \"chunks\": [\n        \"./chunks/2019_p01.json\",\n        \"./chunks/2019_p02.json\",\n        \"./chunks/2019_p03.json\",\n        \"./chunks/2019_p04.json\",\n        \"./chunks/2019_p05.json\",\n        \"./chunks/2019_p06.json\",\n        \"./chunks/2019_p07.json\",\n        \"./chunks/2019_p08.json\",\n        \"./chunks/2019_p09.json\",\n   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