${b}

`\n : \"\";\n return `\n

${card.label}

${card.title}

${card.content}

\n ${bullets}\n

`;\n}\n\nfunction renderHistory(): string {\n const timeline = TIMELINE.map(\n (e) => `\n

${e.era}

${e.title}

${e.text}

`\n ).join(\"\");\n\n const cards = HISTORY_CARDS.map(renderKCard).join(\"\");\n\n return `\n

History of Catapults

From ancient siege engines to medieval war machines — the complete timeline.

${timeline}

${cards}

`;\n}\n\nfunction renderTypes(): string {\n const typeCards = CATAPULT_TYPES.map(\n (t) => `\n

\n ${t.icon}\n

${t.name}

${t.description}

\n ${t.tag}\n

`\n ).join(\"\");\n\n const tableRows = CATAPULT_TYPES.map(\n (t) => `\n \n ${t.name}\n ${t.powerSource}\n ${t.projectile}\n ${t.bestFor}\n ${t.range}\n `\n ).join(\"\");\n\n return `\n

Types of Catapults

Four major designs — know each one's power source, projectile, and key features.

${typeCards}

Comparison Table

\n \n \n ${tableRows}\n

Type	Power Source	Projectile	Best Used For	Range

Remember This

Power Source Key

Torsion — twisted rope/sinew (ballista, onager, mangonel)
Tension — bent wood springs back (early catapults)
Counterweight — gravity does the work (trebuchet only)
Rubber bands — elastic potential energy (this competition!)

Common Confusion

Ballista vs. Mangonel

Both are torsion-powered, but the ballista fires in a straight line like a crossbow (bolts), while the mangonel uses an upward swinging arm to arc projectiles through the air. Ballista = accuracy; Mangonel = versatility.

`;\n}\n\nfunction renderPhysics(): string {\n const cards = PHYSICS_CARDS.map(renderKCard).join(\"\");\n const tips = TIPS.map(\n (t) => `\n

${t.title}

${t.body}

`\n ).join(\"\");\n return `\n

Physics & Design Principles

Understanding the science behind your catapult helps you win both the build and the written test.

${cards}

Competition Build Tips

${tips}

`;\n}\n\nfunction renderScoring(): string {\n const cards = SCORING_CARDS.map(renderKCard).join(\"\");\n const rows = ACRONYMS.map(\n (a) => `${a.abbr}${a.full}${a.meaning}`\n ).join(\"\");\n return `\n

Scoring System

Know exactly how points are calculated — it could influence your strategy.

Final Score Formula

Final Score (FS) = Team Assessment Score (TAS) + Team Distance Score (TDS)

Assessment Score

TAS = Your Written Score ÷ Highest Score in Competition (CAS)

Distance Score

TDS = Closest Distance in Competition (CDS) ÷ Your Distance from Center

Worked Example

Best assessment score (CAS) = 13 · Your score = 6 → TAS = 6 ÷ 13 = 23.07 pts

Best distance (CDS) = 0.5 cm · Your distance = 25 cm → TDS = 0.5 ÷ 25 = 0.02 pts

Final Score = 23.07 + 0.02 = 23.09 points

${cards}

Key Acronyms

\n \n \n ${rows}\n

Acronym	Stands For	Meaning

`;\n}\n\nfunction renderPractice(): string {\n // Render all test data as JSON into the page; client-side TS handles the UI\n const testsJson = JSON.stringify(TESTS).replace(/Practice Tests\n

Five tests covering history, catapult types, physics, and competition rules.