[{"_1":2,"_3":-5,"_4":-5},"loaderData",{"_5":6,"_7":8,"_9":10},"actionData","errors","root",{"_153":154,"_155":156},"routes/_app.x.$handle.$name",{"_11":12,"_13":14,"_15":16,"_18":19,"_17":-7,"_116":-5,"_20":117,"_22":118,"_119":120,"_121":122,"_25":123,"_24":-5,"_124":-5,"_125":-5,"_126":53,"_127":128,"_129":44,"_130":-5,"_131":-5,"_132":133},"routes/_app.x.$handle.$name.branch.$branch.code.$",{"_11":12,"_13":14,"_15":16,"_17":-7,"_18":19,"_20":21,"_22":23,"_24":-7,"_25":26,"_27":-5,"_28":-5,"_29":-5,"_30":-5,"_31":-5},"handle","morsecao","name","Storm","branchName","main","version","path","","project",{"_33":62,"_13":14,"_45":63,"_64":-5,"_65":53,"_66":67,"_68":67,"_69":-5,"_70":-5,"_71":72,"_73":-5,"_74":53,"_75":-5,"_76":-5,"_77":78,"_79":80,"_81":-5,"_82":-5,"_83":-5,"_84":-5,"_85":86,"_87":86,"_88":89,"_90":89,"_91":89,"_92":86,"_93":86,"_94":95,"_96":97,"_98":99,"_100":53},"tree",[57],"file","contents",[32],"upstream","pull","ahead","behind","envVars",{"_33":34,"_13":35,"_36":37,"_38":-5,"_39":40,"_41":42,"_43":44,"_45":46,"_17":47,"_48":49,"_50":51,"_52":53,"_54":55,"_18":56},"id","c9618120-1fc6-11f1-86ca-42dde27851f2","main.ts","fileId","04265b9e-1fc4-11f1-94d4-42dde27851f2","parentId","branchId","041e12c2-1fc4-11f1-94d4-42dde27851f2","branchVersion",4,"latest",true,"createdAt",["D",1773507406764],3,"fileType","http","content","// Storm the Castle — Science Olympiad Study Guide\n// Val Town HTTP val · paste into a new HTTP val and hit Run\n\n// ─── Types ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────\n\ntype NavSection = \"history\" | \"types\" | \"physics\" | \"scoring\" | \"practice\";\n\ninterface TimelineEvent {\n era: string;\n title: string;\n text: string;\n}\n\ninterface CatapultType {\n name: string;\n icon: string;\n powerSource: string;\n projectile: string;\n bestFor: string;\n range: string;\n description: string;\n tag: string;\n}\n\ninterface KnowledgeCardData {\n label: string;\n title: string;\n content: string;\n bullets?: string[];\n accent: \"crimson\" | \"gold\" | \"sage\" | \"slate\";\n}\n\ninterface Question {\n q: string;\n options: string[];\n correct: number;\n explanation: string;\n}\n\ninterface Test {\n title: string;\n questions: Question[];\n}\n\n// ─── Data ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────\n\nconst TIMELINE: TimelineEvent[] = [\n { era: \"~400 BC — Ancient Origins\", title: \"Mesopotamia & Egypt\", text: \"The earliest catapult-like devices appeared in ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt — simple beam-throwers used to hurl stones at enemy walls and formations.\" },\n { era: \"~399 BC — Greek Innovation\", title: \"Dionysius I of Syracuse\", text: \"Greek engineers under Dionysius I developed the first true military catapult (the gastraphetes). The Greeks introduced tension and torsion mechanisms that greatly increased range and power.\" },\n { era: \"~300 BC — Macedonian Use\", title: \"Alexander the Great\", text: \"Alexander used catapults as a standard siege weapon to break fortified cities across Persia and beyond, making them a core military tool rather than a rare novelty.\" },\n { era: \"~200 BC–400 AD — Roman Engineering\", title: \"Roman Legions\", text: \"The Romans standardized the onager and ballista for rapid assembly on campaign. They were used in both siege warfare and open-field battles to disrupt enemy formations.\" },\n { era: \"~500–900 AD — Early Medieval\", title: \"Mangonel Development\", text: \"The mangonel emerged as a practical torsion catapult across Europe and the Byzantine Empire — lighter than the trebuchet and faster to construct in the field.\" },\n { era: \"~1000–1300 AD — Medieval Peak\", title: \"The Trebuchet Era\", text: \"The counterweight trebuchet became the most powerful siege engine of the medieval world, hurling 100–150 kg stones over 300 meters to demolish castle walls.\" },\n { era: \"~1300–1500 AD — Decline\", title: \"Rise of Gunpowder\", text: \"Effective cannons and gunpowder artillery made catapults obsolete. By the 15th century, siege cannon had replaced catapults in European warfare entirely.\" },\n { era: \"Modern Era\", title: \"Legacy & Modern Uses\", text: \"Today catapults appear in science education and competitive events. Aircraft carriers use electromagnetic catapult systems to launch planes. The underlying physics remain foundational to engineering.\" },\n];\n\nconst HISTORY_CARDS: KnowledgeCardData[] = [\n { label: \"Key Fact\", title: \"Role in Warfare\", content: \"Catapults revolutionized siege warfare by allowing attackers to strike fortified walls from a safer distance. They were also deployed in open field battles to disrupt troop formations and inflict casualties before hand-to-hand combat.\", accent: \"crimson\" },\n { label: \"Engineering Impact\", title: \"Technological Legacy\", content: \"Developing catapults drove advances in engineering and mechanics — lever ratios, projectile trajectory, structural stress. These concepts remain central to modern engineering education.\", accent: \"gold\" },\n { label: \"Cultural Significance\", title: \"Psychological Warfare\", content: \"Armies sometimes catapulted diseased animal carcasses or burning materials over walls to spread disease and demoralize defenders — early biological and psychological warfare tactics.\", accent: \"sage\" },\n];\n\nconst CATAPULT_TYPES: CatapultType[] = [\n { name: \"Ballista\", icon: \"🏹\", powerSource: \"Torsion (twisted rope/sinew)\", projectile: \"Heavy bolts / arrows\", bestFor: \"Anti-personnel, precision\", range: \"400–500 m\", description: \"A large crossbow-like weapon powered by torsion. Fired heavy bolts with high accuracy at individual soldiers and fortifications. Fires in a flat, direct trajectory — not an arc.\", tag: \"Torsion\" },\n { name: \"Onager\", icon: \"🪨\", powerSource: \"Torsion (single rotating arm)\", projectile: \"Stones, pottery\", bestFor: \"General siege bombardment\", range: \"150–300 m\", description: \"Named after the wild donkey for its powerful kick-like release. A single-arm torsion catapult with a sling at the tip. Simpler to build than the ballista. Launches projectiles in an upward arc.\", tag: \"Torsion\" },\n { name: \"Trebuchet\", icon: \"⚖️\", powerSource: \"Counterweight (gravity)\", projectile: \"Boulders up to 150 kg\", bestFor: \"Breaking fortified walls\", range: \"200–300 m\", description: \"The most powerful medieval siege engine. A heavy counterweight on one end of a long swinging arm — gravity pulling it down propels massive projectiles in a high arc. The only major catapult powered by counterweight, not torsion.\", tag: \"Counterweight\" },\n { name: \"Mangonel\", icon: \"🔥\", powerSource: \"Torsion\", projectile: \"Stones, burning material, varied\", bestFor: \"Versatile siege, varied projectiles\", range: \"100–200 m\", description: \"A torsion-powered catapult with a bowl or sling at the arm tip. Could launch the widest variety of projectiles — stones, burning tar, pottery. Lighter and faster to set up than a trebuchet.\", tag: \"Torsion\" },\n];\n\nconst PHYSICS_CARDS: KnowledgeCardData[] = [\n { label: \"Core Concept\", title: \"Lever Principle\", content: \"A catapult arm is a lever. The fulcrum (pivot) divides the arm. A longer throwing arm past the fulcrum produces greater projectile speed through mechanical advantage: effort force × distance = load force × distance.\", accent: \"gold\" },\n { label: \"Core Concept\", title: \"Projectile Motion\", content: \"Once launched, the projectile follows a parabolic arc governed by gravity. The optimal launch angle for maximum horizontal distance is 45°. Lower angles give more speed but less height; higher angles give more hang time but less horizontal range.\", accent: \"sage\" },\n { label: \"Core Concept\", title: \"Energy Transfer\", content: \"Catapults convert stored potential energy into kinetic energy. Rubber bands store elastic potential energy when stretched. The more the band is stretched (within its elastic limit), the more energy is stored and transferred to the projectile on release.\", accent: \"crimson\" },\n { label: \"Core Concept\", title: \"Accuracy Factors\", content: \"Key factors for consistent launches:\", bullets: [\"Consistent launch angle every time\", \"Same projectile weight every launch\", \"Stable, freestanding base — no wobble\", \"Consistent rubber band tension\", \"Same release point each time\"], accent: \"slate\" },\n];\n\nconst TIPS = [\n { title: \"The Arm\", body: \"Use the bamboo spoon handle as your throwing arm. A longer arm past the fulcrum = more speed at the tip. The spoon bowl holds your projectile (Dots candy).\" },\n { title: \"The Base\", body: \"The mailing box is your structure. It must be freestanding — no taping to the table. Use tape to reinforce joints and create the fulcrum support.\" },\n { title: \"Rubber Bands\", body: \"Pick 4 from sizes #64, #33, and #19. Larger number = thicker/bigger = more stored energy. Test different configurations during your 30-minute build phase.\" },\n { title: \"Target Distance\", body: \"The target is 150 cm away on a 50×50 cm sand bed, target the size of a penny. You must estimate this distance in writing before launching.\" },\n { title: \"Consistency\", body: \"Accuracy matters far more than raw power. A catapult that lands 5 cm short every time beats one with random variance.\" },\n { title: \"Eye Safety\", body: \"ANSI Z87+ safety glasses required during ALL flight phases — yours and other competitors'. Regular eyeglasses do NOT qualify. No glasses = no competition.\" },\n];\n\nconst SCORING_CARDS: KnowledgeCardData[] = [\n { label: \"Key Insight\", title: \"Relative Scoring\", content: \"Both scores are relative — you are scored against the best performance in your competition, not an absolute standard. This means your written test score matters a lot if top scorers do poorly. Focus equally on both components.\", accent: \"gold\" },\n { label: \"Tiebreakers\", title: \"In Case of a Tie\", content: \"Tiebreakers in order:\", bullets: [\"First: Closest distance to the center of the target\", \"Second: Answers to select written test questions\", \"Written test accuracy matters even for tiebreaking!\"], accent: \"slate\" },\n];\n\nconst ACRONYMS = [\n { abbr: \"CDS\", full: \"Competition Distance Score\", meaning: \"The best (closest) distance in the whole competition\" },\n { abbr: \"CAS\", full: \"Competition Assessment Score\", meaning: \"The highest written test score in the whole competition\" },\n { abbr: \"TDS\", full: \"Team Distance Score\", meaning: \"Your team's distance from center of target\" },\n { abbr: \"TAS\", full: \"Team Assessment Score\", meaning: \"Your team's written test score\" },\n { abbr: \"FS\", full: \"Final Score\", meaning: \"TAS + TDS, maximum 100 points\" },\n];\n\nconst TESTS: Test[] = [\n {\n title: \"Test 1 — History of Catapults\",\n questions: [\n { q: \"Where were the earliest known catapults developed?\", options: [\"Ancient Rome and Greece\", \"Ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt\", \"Medieval Europe\", \"Ancient China and India\"], correct: 1, explanation: \"The earliest catapults were developed in ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt as simple devices to hurl stones and projectiles at enemy positions.\" },\n { q: \"Which Greek ruler is credited with commissioning the first military catapults (~399 BC)?\", options: [\"Alexander the Great\", \"Aristotle\", \"Dionysius I of Syracuse\", \"Archimedes\"], correct: 2, explanation: \"Dionysius I of Syracuse had his engineers develop the gastraphetes and early catapults to help in his wars against Carthage.\" },\n { q: \"How did catapults most significantly change siege warfare?\", options: [\"They made sieges shorter but less decisive\", \"They allowed attackers to breach fortified walls from a safer distance\", \"They were mainly used for defense, not offense\", \"They replaced cavalry in open field battles\"], correct: 1, explanation: \"Catapults revolutionized siege warfare by letting attackers strike fortified positions from a safer distance, making previously impregnable walls vulnerable.\" },\n { q: \"What development eventually made military catapults obsolete?\", options: [\"Better castle construction\", \"The invention of the longbow\", \"Gunpowder and cannon artillery\", \"Steam-powered weapons\"], correct: 2, explanation: \"The development of effective gunpowder cannons by the 14th–15th centuries made catapults obsolete as military siege weapons.\" },\n { q: \"Alexander the Great is notable in catapult history because he:\", options: [\"Invented the trebuchet\", \"Made catapults standard equipment in his army, not just for sieges\", \"Banned catapults in warfare\", \"Built the first counterweight trebuchet\"], correct: 1, explanation: \"Alexander standardized catapult use across his military campaigns, making them a core part of his siege and battle tactics throughout Persia and beyond.\" },\n { q: \"Catapults sometimes launched diseased carcasses over castle walls. This is an early example of:\", options: [\"Chemical warfare\", \"Biological and psychological warfare\", \"Standard projectile tactics\", \"Medical supply delivery\"], correct: 1, explanation: \"Armies catapulted diseased materials to spread disease and demoralize defenders — early biological and psychological warfare.\" },\n { q: \"Which period saw the trebuchet at the peak of its military use?\", options: [\"400–200 BC (Greek era)\", \"200 BC–400 AD (Roman era)\", \"1000–1300 AD (Medieval peak)\", \"1400–1600 AD (Renaissance)\"], correct: 2, explanation: \"The trebuchet dominated siege warfare during approximately 1000–1300 AD before being replaced by gunpowder artillery.\" },\n { q: \"Which of these is a modern application of catapult technology?\", options: [\"Satellite launching\", \"Aircraft carrier launch systems\", \"Highway bridge construction\", \"Space telescope deployment\"], correct: 1, explanation: \"Aircraft carriers use catapult systems (now electromagnetic) to accelerate aircraft to takeoff speed on short deck runs.\" },\n ],\n },\n {\n title: \"Test 2 — Catapult Types\",\n questions: [\n { q: 'Which catapult is described as a \"powerful crossbow-like weapon\"?', options: [\"Trebuchet\", \"Onager\", \"Ballista\", \"Mangonel\"], correct: 2, explanation: \"The ballista was a large crossbow-like weapon that fired heavy bolts with precision using torsion (twisted rope) for power.\" },\n { q: \"What power source does a trebuchet use?\", options: [\"Torsion (twisted rope)\", \"Tension (bent wood)\", \"Counterweight (gravity)\", \"Elastic bands\"], correct: 2, explanation: \"The trebuchet's key innovation was using a heavy counterweight on a swinging arm. Gravity pulling it down propels the projectile forward.\" },\n { q: \"The onager is named after a wild donkey. Why?\", options: [\"It was invented by nomadic donkey herders\", \"It had a powerful kick-like release action\", \"Its frame resembled a donkey's back\", \"It required a team to operate like pack animals\"], correct: 1, explanation: \"The onager got its name from the wild donkey because of its violent, kicking release action when the arm snapped against its padded stop.\" },\n { q: \"Which catapult could launch the widest variety of projectiles, including burning materials?\", options: [\"Ballista\", \"Trebuchet\", \"Onager\", \"Mangonel\"], correct: 3, explanation: \"The mangonel was known for versatility — launching stones, burning tar, pottery, and more. It was a flexible general-purpose siege weapon.\" },\n { q: \"Which catapult was the MOST powerful in terms of projectile weight?\", options: [\"Ballista\", \"Mangonel\", \"Onager\", \"Trebuchet\"], correct: 3, explanation: \"The trebuchet was the most powerful, hurling boulders up to 150 kg. No other catapult type could match its throwing power.\" },\n { q: \"The ballista and mangonel both use torsion. What PRIMARILY distinguishes the ballista?\", options: [\"It is much larger\", \"It fires in a flat trajectory like a crossbow, not an arc\", \"It uses a counterweight for extra power\", \"It was invented 1,000 years after the mangonel\"], correct: 1, explanation: \"The ballista fires bolts in a flat, direct trajectory (like a crossbow), while the mangonel uses an upward arc. This makes the ballista more accurate but limited to bolt-type projectiles.\" },\n { q: \"What is 'torsion' in the context of catapults?\", options: [\"The heavy weight used to power a trebuchet\", \"Energy stored in twisted rope or sinew\", \"The arc of a projectile's flight path\", \"The pivot point of a catapult arm\"], correct: 1, explanation: \"Torsion refers to energy stored when rope or sinew is tightly twisted. When released, it rapidly untwists, snapping the arm and launching the projectile.\" },\n { q: \"Which catapult type was easiest to transport and quickest to set up in the field?\", options: [\"Trebuchet\", \"Ballista\", \"Mangonel\", \"Onager\"], correct: 2, explanation: \"The mangonel was lighter and simpler than the trebuchet — faster to set up and transport, a practical choice for armies on the move.\" },\n ],\n },\n {\n title: \"Test 3 — Physics & Design\",\n questions: [\n { q: \"A catapult arm is an example of which simple machine?\", options: [\"Pulley\", \"Inclined plane\", \"Lever\", \"Wedge\"], correct: 2, explanation: \"A catapult arm is a lever. The fulcrum divides the arm, and mechanical advantage allows a force over a longer arm to produce great speed at the projectile end.\" },\n { q: \"For maximum horizontal distance, what is the ideal launch angle?\", options: [\"30 degrees\", \"45 degrees\", \"60 degrees\", \"90 degrees\"], correct: 1, explanation: \"In ideal conditions (no air resistance, flat ground), a 45° launch angle maximizes horizontal distance by balancing horizontal and vertical velocity components.\" },\n { q: \"In the competition, rubber bands store which type of energy?\", options: [\"Chemical potential energy\", \"Gravitational potential energy\", \"Elastic potential energy\", \"Kinetic energy\"], correct: 2, explanation: \"Stretching a rubber band stores elastic potential energy. When released, this converts to kinetic energy that propels the arm and launches the projectile.\" },\n { q: \"What shape does a projectile path follow after launch?\", options: [\"Straight line\", \"Circular arc\", \"Parabolic arc\", \"Hyperbolic curve\"], correct: 2, explanation: \"Under gravity, any projectile (ignoring air resistance) follows a parabolic arc — curving upward then falling back to earth.\" },\n { q: \"To get more throwing power from your rubber band catapult, which choice helps most?\", options: [\"More rubber bands of the smallest size (#19)\", \"Fewer, smaller rubber bands\", \"Larger rubber bands (#64) that store more elastic energy\", \"The size does not matter, only the number\"], correct: 2, explanation: \"Larger rubber bands (like #64 vs #19) store more elastic potential energy when stretched, resulting in more kinetic energy transferred to the projectile.\" },\n { q: \"Why must a catapult in this competition be freestanding?\", options: [\"To make it harder to build\", \"Being attached to a table gives an unfair stability advantage\", \"Freestanding catapults always launch more accurately\", \"Rules require it to be portable after the event\"], correct: 1, explanation: \"Freestanding rules ensure all teams compete equally. Attaching to a table provides a stability advantage not available to all competitors.\" },\n { q: \"What happens to launch distance if you use too steep an angle (close to 90°)?\", options: [\"Maximum distance is achieved\", \"The projectile goes very high but lands close to the launch point\", \"The projectile travels further horizontally\", \"The projectile's speed increases\"], correct: 1, explanation: \"A launch angle close to 90° sends the projectile almost straight up — maximum height but minimal horizontal travel, landing very close to the launch point.\" },\n { q: \"Which factor is MOST important for consistent, accurate catapult launches?\", options: [\"Maximum rubber band stretch every time\", \"Using the heaviest available projectile\", \"Repeatability: same angle, tension, and release point every launch\", \"Building the tallest possible arm\"], correct: 2, explanation: \"Accuracy requires consistency. If every variable is identical each launch, the projectile lands in the same spot. Reduce power if needed to gain control.\" },\n ],\n },\n {\n title: \"Test 4 — Competition Rules & Scoring\",\n questions: [\n { q: \"How many students compete per team number?\", options: [\"1\", \"2\", \"3\", \"4\"], correct: 1, explanation: \"Exactly 2 participants compete per assigned team number. If a school has multiple teams, each team number must have its own 2 students — teams cannot mix.\" },\n { q: \"What type of safety glasses are required?\", options: [\"Any glasses with a plastic frame\", \"ANSI Z87+ impact-rated safety glasses\", \"Standard prescription eyeglasses\", \"Sunglasses with UV protection\"], correct: 1, explanation: \"ANSI Z87+ rated impact safety glasses are required. Regular prescription eyeglasses are NOT safety rated and do not qualify. Missing eye protection means no competition.\" },\n { q: \"How far is the target from the launch line?\", options: [\"100 cm\", \"120 cm\", \"150 cm\", \"200 cm\"], correct: 2, explanation: \"The target is exactly 150 cm from the launch line. Teams must estimate this distance as part of the written assessment.\" },\n { q: \"What is the maximum build time allowed?\", options: [\"15 minutes\", \"20 minutes\", \"30 minutes\", \"45 minutes\"], correct: 2, explanation: \"Teams have a maximum of 30 minutes to construct and test their catapult during the build phase of the 45-minute total event.\" },\n { q: \"If a team's final score is tied, what is the FIRST tiebreaker?\", options: [\"Highest written test score\", \"Closest distance to target center\", \"Time to complete the build\", \"Lower team number wins\"], correct: 1, explanation: \"The first tiebreaker is the closest distance to the center of the target. If still tied, select written test questions are used as the second tiebreaker.\" },\n { q: \"What happens if a coach communicates with competitors during the competition?\", options: [\"The team receives a warning\", \"The team loses 10 points\", \"The team is placed below all other teams\", \"Only the launch score is voided\"], correct: 2, explanation: \"Any communication by coaches, parents, mentors, or spectators results in the team being placed below all other teams — the maximum penalty.\" },\n { q: \"If the best written score (CAS) is 13 and your score is 10, what is your TAS?\", options: [\"10.00\", \"13.00\", \"0.77\", \"76.92\"], correct: 2, explanation: \"TAS = Your Score ÷ CAS = 10 ÷ 13 = 0.769, rounded to the 100th place = 0.77 points. Scores are ratios, not raw points!\" },\n { q: \"What is the size of the target in the sand bed?\", options: [\"The size of a quarter\", \"The size of a penny\", \"5 cm diameter circle\", \"The size of a golf ball\"], correct: 1, explanation: \"The target is the size of a penny, sitting in a 50 cm × 50 cm sand bed. The sand shows exactly where the projectile landed.\" },\n ],\n },\n {\n title: \"Test 5 — Mixed Challenge\",\n questions: [\n { q: \"Which catapult used counterweight (gravity) rather than torsion?\", options: [\"Ballista\", \"Onager\", \"Mangonel\", \"Trebuchet\"], correct: 3, explanation: \"The trebuchet is the only major catapult type powered by counterweight (gravity), making it the most powerful but also heaviest and most complex.\" },\n { q: \"Catapult development led to advances in which fields?\", options: [\"Art and music\", \"Engineering and mechanics\", \"Agriculture and medicine\", \"Navigation and astronomy\"], correct: 1, explanation: \"Developing catapults drove advances in engineering and mechanics — levers, structural stress, projectile trajectory, and energy storage.\" },\n { q: \"TDS = CDS ÷ Your Distance. If CDS = 1 cm and you are 20 cm from center, your TDS is:\", options: [\"20\", \"0.05\", \"19\", \"1\"], correct: 1, explanation: \"TDS = 1 ÷ 20 = 0.05. Closer to center = larger TDS because your denominator shrinks while CDS stays the same.\" },\n { q: \"You use maximum rubber band stretch but your catapult is wildly inaccurate. What should you prioritize?\", options: [\"Use bigger rubber bands\", \"Focus on consistency: same angle, tension, and release every time\", \"Add more rubber bands\", \"Increase the arm length only\"], correct: 1, explanation: \"Accuracy requires repeatability. Wild variance means inconsistent launch conditions. Reduce power if needed to gain control.\" },\n { q: \"Which item is NOT provided at the competition and must be brought by the team?\", options: [\"Bamboo spoons\", \"Masking tape\", \"Scissors\", \"Rubber bands\"], correct: 2, explanation: \"Scissors (and/or a Makedo Safe Saw) must be brought by the team. Spoons, tape, and rubber bands are all provided at the event.\" },\n { q: \"What PRIMARILY distinguishes the ballista from the mangonel?\", options: [\"It is much larger\", \"It fires in a flat trajectory like a crossbow, not an arc\", \"It uses a counterweight\", \"It was invented 1,000 years later\"], correct: 1, explanation: \"The ballista fires bolts along a flat, direct trajectory. The mangonel uses an upward arc. This makes the ballista more accurate but limited to bolt-type projectiles.\" },\n { q: \"One student lands 30 cm past center; another lands 15 cm short. If CDS = 2 cm, who has the higher TDS?\", options: [\"Student 30 cm past — more distance traveled\", \"Student 15 cm short — smaller distance from center\", \"They are exactly equal\", \"Cannot determine without more info\"], correct: 1, explanation: \"TDS = 2÷30 = 0.067 vs 2÷15 = 0.133. The student 15 cm away scores higher. Distance from center is measured regardless of direction.\" },\n { q: \"What did ancient catapult engineers understand that remains foundational to modern engineering?\", options: [\"The speed of light\", \"Lever ratios, projectile trajectory, and structural stress\", \"Chemical reaction rates\", \"Electrical resistance principles\"], correct: 1, explanation: \"Catapult builders were among the first practical engineers to apply lever mechanics, projectile physics, and material stress — concepts still central to engineering today.\" },\n ],\n },\n];\n\n// ─── HTML Generators ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────\n\nfunction renderKCard(card: KnowledgeCardData): string {\n const bullets = card.bullets\n ? `

${b}

`\n : \"\";\n return `\n

${card.label}

${card.title}

${card.content}

\n ${bullets}\n

`;\n}\n\nfunction renderHistory(): string {\n const timeline = TIMELINE.map(\n (e) => `\n

${e.era}

${e.title}

${e.text}

`\n ).join(\"\");\n\n const cards = HISTORY_CARDS.map(renderKCard).join(\"\");\n\n return `\n

History of Catapults

From ancient siege engines to medieval war machines — the complete timeline.

${timeline}

${cards}

`;\n}\n\nfunction renderTypes(): string {\n const typeCards = CATAPULT_TYPES.map(\n (t) => `\n

\n ${t.icon}\n

${t.name}

${t.description}

\n ${t.tag}\n

`\n ).join(\"\");\n\n const tableRows = CATAPULT_TYPES.map(\n (t) => `\n \n ${t.name}\n ${t.powerSource}\n ${t.projectile}\n ${t.bestFor}\n ${t.range}\n `\n ).join(\"\");\n\n return `\n

Types of Catapults

Four major designs — know each one's power source, projectile, and key features.

${typeCards}

Comparison Table

\n \n \n ${tableRows}\n

Type	Power Source	Projectile	Best Used For	Range

Remember This

Power Source Key

Torsion — twisted rope/sinew (ballista, onager, mangonel)
Tension — bent wood springs back (early catapults)
Counterweight — gravity does the work (trebuchet only)
Rubber bands — elastic potential energy (this competition!)

Common Confusion

Ballista vs. Mangonel

Both are torsion-powered, but the ballista fires in a straight line like a crossbow (bolts), while the mangonel uses an upward swinging arm to arc projectiles through the air. Ballista = accuracy; Mangonel = versatility.

`;\n}\n\nfunction renderPhysics(): string {\n const cards = PHYSICS_CARDS.map(renderKCard).join(\"\");\n const tips = TIPS.map(\n (t) => `\n

${t.title}

${t.body}

`\n ).join(\"\");\n return `\n

Physics & Design Principles

Understanding the science behind your catapult helps you win both the build and the written test.

${cards}

Competition Build Tips

${tips}

`;\n}\n\nfunction renderScoring(): string {\n const cards = SCORING_CARDS.map(renderKCard).join(\"\");\n const rows = ACRONYMS.map(\n (a) => `${a.abbr}${a.full}${a.meaning}`\n ).join(\"\");\n return `\n

Scoring System

Know exactly how points are calculated — it could influence your strategy.

Final Score Formula

Final Score (FS) = Team Assessment Score (TAS) + Team Distance Score (TDS)

Assessment Score

TAS = Your Written Score ÷ Highest Score in Competition (CAS)

Distance Score

TDS = Closest Distance in Competition (CDS) ÷ Your Distance from Center

Worked Example

Best assessment score (CAS) = 13 · Your score = 6 → TAS = 6 ÷ 13 = 23.07 pts

Best distance (CDS) = 0.5 cm · Your distance = 25 cm → TDS = 0.5 ÷ 25 = 0.02 pts

Final Score = 23.07 + 0.02 = 23.09 points

${cards}

Key Acronyms

\n \n \n ${rows}\n

Acronym	Stands For	Meaning

`;\n}\n\nfunction renderPractice(): string {\n // Render all test data as JSON into the page; client-side TS handles the UI\n const testsJson = JSON.stringify(TESTS).replace(/Practice Tests\n

Five tests covering history, catapult types, physics, and competition rules.

Code