elements inside a

element in CSS?\",\n \"options\": [\n \"div + p\",\n \"div > p\",\n \"div, p\",\n \"div p\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 3,\n \"topic\": \"css\",\n \"quiz\": 1,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. The descendant selector 'div p' selects all

elements that are anywhere inside a

element (at any nesting level).\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 'div p' — a space between selectors creates a descendant selector that matches all

elements nested within a

.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2020\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q103\",\n \"question\": \"Which of the following is equivalent to B OR NOT (A OR B)?\",\n \"options\": [\n \"A OR NOT(B)\",\n \"NOT(A) AND B\",\n \"A AND NOT(B)\",\n \"B OR NOT(A)\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 3,\n \"topic\": \"boolean-logic\",\n \"quiz\": 2,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. B OR NOT(A OR B) = B OR (NOT A AND NOT B) by De Morgan's = (B OR NOT A) AND (B OR NOT B) = (B OR NOT A) AND TRUE = B OR NOT(A).\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is B OR NOT(A). Using De Morgan's law: NOT(A OR B) = NOT A AND NOT B. Then B OR (NOT A AND NOT B) simplifies to B OR NOT(A).\"\n },\n \"year\": 2020\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q104\",\n \"question\": \"A process is:\",\n \"options\": [\n \"A file stored on disk containing executable code\",\n \"A subroutine within a running application\",\n \"A background thread managed by the kernel\",\n \"Any instance of a running program\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 3,\n \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n \"quiz\": 1,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. A process is any instance of a program that is currently running — it has its own memory space, state, and system resources.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is any instance of a running program — a process is the active execution of a program, distinct from the static program file on disk.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2020\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q105\",\n \"question\": \"I am logged in as a student and my current directory is /home/student. What is the RELATIVE path to the upper data directory /usr/local/linuxgym-data?\",\n \"options\": [\n \"/usr/local/linuxgym-data\",\n \"../local/linuxgym-data\",\n \"usr/local/linuxgym-data\",\n \"../../usr/local/linuxgym-data\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 3,\n \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n \"quiz\": 1,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. From /home/student you go up two levels (../../) to reach /, then descend into usr/local/linuxgym-data, giving the relative path ../../usr/local/linuxgym-data.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is ../../usr/local/linuxgym-data — you need to go up two directories (from student to home, then home to /) before descending into /usr/local/linuxgym-data.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2020\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q106\",\n \"question\": \"A contiguous file is made up of 1000 blocks. How many times does the file system have to be accessed to find the 27th block?\",\n \"options\": [\n \"27\",\n \"3\",\n \"1000\",\n \"1 (direct calculation — O(1))\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 3,\n \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n \"quiz\": 1,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. In contiguous allocation, the starting block and length are stored in the directory. The 27th block is simply startBlock + 26, calculated mathematically in one access — O(1).\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 1 access (O(1)) because contiguous allocation allows direct calculation of any block's address from the file's start block.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2020\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q107\",\n \"question\": \"What is the best tag for pre-formatted text?\",\n \"options\": [\n \"

\",\n      \"\",\n      \"\",\n      \"\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The  tag preserves both whitespace and line breaks exactly as written in the HTML source, making it the best choice for pre-formatted text.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is  — this tag displays text in a fixed-width font and preserves all spaces and newlines as written.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q108\",\n    \"question\": \"With regards to security what does integrity mean?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Ensuring only authorised users can access information\",\n      \"Encrypting data so it cannot be intercepted in transit\",\n      \"Proving that a message was sent by a specific person\",\n      \"Safeguarding accuracy and completeness of information\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Data integrity means ensuring that information is accurate and complete, and has not been altered or destroyed in an unauthorised manner.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is safeguarding accuracy and completeness of information — this is the definition of Integrity in the CIA security triad.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q109\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following HTML code best represents a definition list showing Cats - Order Feline, Dogs - Order Canine?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Cats: Order Feline
Dogs: Order Canine
\",\n      \"Cats - Order Feline
Dogs - Order Canine
\",\n      \"Cats Order Feline
Dogs Order Canine
\",\n      \"Cats
Order Feline
Dogs
Order Canine
\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A definition list uses  as the container,  for the term being defined, and 
 for the definition/description.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Cats
Order Feline
... because , , and 
 are the correct HTML elements for definition lists.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q110\",\n    \"question\": \"Not(X XOR Y) is logically equivalent to?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"NOT(X) AND NOT(Y)\",\n      \"X XOR NOT(Y)\",\n      \"NOT(X) OR NOT(Y)\",\n      \"(X OR NOT(Y)) AND (NOT(X) OR Y)\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"boolean-logic\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. NOT(X XOR Y) is the XNOR operation (true when X and Y are equal). It can be written as (X AND Y) OR (NOT X AND NOT Y), which is equivalent to (X OR NOT Y) AND (NOT X OR Y).\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is (X OR NOT(Y)) AND (NOT(X) OR Y). NOT(X XOR Y) equals XNOR, which expands to (X OR NOT Y) AND (NOT X OR Y).\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q111\",\n    \"question\": \"In a multitasking operating system on a single CPU computer, several processes can be ready for running at the same time. How does the OS handle this?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"It runs all processes truly simultaneously using hyperthreading\",\n      \"It assigns each process a fixed dedicated time and waits for it to finish\",\n      \"It pauses lower-priority processes permanently until higher-priority ones finish\",\n      \"Putting all ready processes in a queue and allowing them to share the processor and other resources in turn\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The OS scheduler maintains a ready queue and uses time-slicing to share the single CPU among all ready processes, switching between them rapidly.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is putting all ready processes in a queue and allowing them to share the processor in turn — this is how a single-CPU multitasking OS works.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q112\",\n    \"question\": \"What is the difference between a relative and absolute link?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A relative link always points to an external website; an absolute link points within the same site\",\n      \"A relative link uses a file path; an absolute link uses an IP address\",\n      \"A relative link and absolute link are functionally identical in modern browsers\",\n      \"Absolute: the url starts with http://\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. An absolute link includes the full URL starting with a protocol like http://, while a relative link uses a path relative to the current page's location.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is that an absolute link starts with http:// (or https://) — it contains the full URL, whereas a relative link only contains a path relative to the current document.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q113\",\n    \"question\": \"Which tag starts the following HTML fragment: 1. Test 2. Test 3. Test (numbered list)?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"ul\",\n      \"li\",\n      \"dl\",\n      \"ol\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The  (ordered list) tag creates a numbered list in HTML, where items are automatically numbered in sequence.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is ol (ordered list) — this tag produces an automatically numbered list, unlike  which produces a bulleted list.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q114\",\n    \"question\": \"(X AND NOT(Y)) OR NOT(Z) is logically equivalent to?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"(X AND NOT(Y)) AND (X OR NOT(Z))\",\n      \"(X OR NOT(Z)) OR (NOT(Y) AND NOT(Z))\",\n      \"NOT(X) OR Y OR NOT(Z)\",\n      \"(X OR NOT(Z)) AND (NOT(Y) OR NOT(Z))\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"boolean-logic\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Distributing OR over AND: (X AND NOT Y) OR NOT Z = (X OR NOT Z) AND (NOT Y OR NOT Z) by the distributive law of boolean algebra.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is (X OR NOT(Z)) AND (NOT(Y) OR NOT(Z)). Using the distributive law: A OR (B AND C) = (A OR B) AND (A OR C), where A=NOT Z, B=X, C=NOT Y.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q115\",\n    \"question\": \"You have a device at home which connects you to the internet via an ADSL connection to an internet service provider. It sometimes includes a wireless access point and sometimes additional network ports. What is this device?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A Network Switch\",\n      \"A Proxy Server\",\n      \"A Wireless Access Point\",\n      \"A Router/Modem\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"networking\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A Router/Modem (often combined in a single device) connects your home network to the internet via ADSL, handles routing between your LAN and the internet, and may include Wi-Fi and additional Ethernet ports.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is a Router/Modem — home internet gateways typically combine modem (ADSL conversion) and router (traffic routing) functions in one device.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q116\",\n    \"question\": \"(A AND B) AND (C OR (B AND NOT(A))) is logically the same as?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A AND B AND (C OR B)\",\n      \"A AND NOT(B) AND C\",\n      \"B AND C AND NOT(A)\",\n      \"A AND B AND C\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"boolean-logic\",\n    \"quiz\": 2,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Since (A AND B) is already given as true, NOT(A) within the expression is false, making (B AND NOT(A)) false. So C OR (B AND NOT(A)) reduces to C OR FALSE = C. The full expression becomes A AND B AND C.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is A AND B AND C. When A AND B is true, NOT(A) is false, so B AND NOT(A) is false, simplifying C OR (B AND NOT(A)) to just C.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q117\",\n    \"question\": \"Processes require resources in order to operate, however, when a set of processes can't complete due to conflicting resource usage, this is referred to as:\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Starvation\",\n      \"Thrashing\",\n      \"Race Condition\",\n      \"Deadlock\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Deadlock occurs when a set of processes are each waiting for a resource held by another process in the set, causing all of them to be stuck indefinitely.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Deadlock — the circular waiting for resources held by other processes in the group is the classic definition of deadlock.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q118\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following \\\"Big O\\\" notations has the HIGHEST cost? (e.g. number of accesses required to read a file's blocks)\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"O(1)\",\n      \"O(log n)\",\n      \"O(n)\",\n      \"O(n²)\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. O(n²) grows quadratically and is the most expensive of these options. As n increases, n² grows much faster than n, log n, or the constant O(1).\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is O(n²) — quadratic growth is the highest cost among O(1), O(log n), O(n), and O(n²).\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q119\",\n    \"question\": \"I'm logged onto a computer and I know it stores files using inodes. The system I'm most likely using is:\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Windows NTFS\",\n      \"macOS HFS+\",\n      \"FAT32\",\n      \"UNIX\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Inodes are a fundamental concept in Unix/Linux file systems. Unix uses inodes to store metadata about files and pointers to their data blocks.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is UNIX because inodes are the data structure used by Unix and Linux file systems (like ext4) to manage file metadata and block pointers.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q120\",\n    \"question\": \"What is the difference between a file manager and a file system?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A file manager runs in kernel space; a file system runs in user space\",\n      \"A file manager is software for servers; a file system is software for desktop PCs\",\n      \"They are synonymous — both refer to the same software component\",\n      \"A file manager can manipulate file names/directories, while a file system manages how data is physically stored on disk\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A file manager (like Windows Explorer or Finder) provides a user interface for working with files and directories. A file system is the underlying OS component that defines how data is physically organised and stored on storage media.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is that a file manager manipulates file names/directories (user interface) while a file system manages physical storage — they operate at different levels of abstraction.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2020\n  }\n]","deleted","label",[179,180,163],"valtown","chunks","permalink","https://www.val.town/x/cookiemonster0921/webSystemsQuiz2/code/valtown/chunks/2020_p05.json","extension","json","actionData","errors"]