123

\",\n \"options\": [\n \"Green\",\n \"Red\",\n \"Blue\",\n \"Yellow\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 3,\n \"topic\": \"html\",\n \"quiz\": 1,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. The paragraph has class=\\\"frog\\\" which matches the CSS rule .frog { color: yellow }, so the text will be displayed in yellow.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Yellow because the CSS class selector .frog sets color: yellow, and the paragraph uses class=\\\"frog\\\".\"\n },\n \"year\": 2020\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q26\",\n \"question\": \"Which of the following is a CSS id selector?\",\n \"options\": [\n \".large { font-size: 20pt; }\",\n \"p { font-size: 20pt; }\",\n \"large { font-size: 20pt; }\",\n \"#large { font-size: 20pt; }\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 3,\n \"topic\": \"css\",\n \"quiz\": 1,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. In CSS, an id selector is prefixed with a # symbol. #large targets the element with id=\\\"large\\\".\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is #large { font-size: 20pt; } because the # prefix denotes an id selector in CSS.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2020\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q27\",\n \"question\": \"Which is the correct process for Non-Repudiation?\",\n \"options\": [\n \"Sender encrypts the whole message with their private key and sends it\",\n \"Receiver hashes the received message and compares it to an expected value\",\n \"Both parties encrypt using a shared symmetric key to prove authenticity\",\n \"Sender hashes the data, then encrypts the hash with their private key and sends it alongside the message; receiver decrypts hash with sender's public key to verify\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 3,\n \"topic\": \"security\",\n \"quiz\": 2,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. Non-repudiation uses a digital signature: the sender hashes the message, encrypts the hash with their private key (creating a signature), and sends both. The receiver decrypts the hash using the sender's public key and compares it to their own hash of the message.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is that the sender hashes the data, encrypts the hash with their private key, and sends it with the message — this creates a digital signature that proves the sender's identity and cannot be denied.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2020\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q28\",\n \"question\": \"What is \\\"thrashing\\\" in regard to memory management?\",\n \"options\": [\n \"When a process corrupts another process's memory space\",\n \"When the CPU switches between processes too frequently\",\n \"When too many processes are competing for CPU time\",\n \"When the operating system spends more time paging than running applications\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 3,\n \"topic\": \"virtual-memory\",\n \"quiz\": 1,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. Thrashing occurs when the OS is so busy swapping pages in and out of physical memory that very little actual CPU time is spent executing application code.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is when the operating system spends more time paging than running applications — this happens when there is insufficient physical memory to hold the working sets of all active processes.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2020\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q29\",\n \"question\": \"What sort of risk assessment would you consider if Mr Evil accesses the UTS 5 year strategic plan and sells it to a competitor?\",\n \"options\": [\n \"An internal integrity threat\",\n \"A malicious vandalism external threat\",\n \"An industrial espionage external threat\",\n \"An availability denial of service threat\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 2,\n \"topic\": \"security\",\n \"quiz\": 2,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. Stealing confidential strategic documents and selling them to a competitor is industrial espionage — an external confidentiality threat aimed at gaining competitive advantage.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is an industrial espionage external threat because the attacker steals confidential business information to benefit a competitor.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2020\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q30\",\n \"question\": \"Which type of security attack would it be if I were to fabricate your login to UTS online?\",\n \"options\": [\n \"Confidentiality attack\",\n \"Integrity attack\",\n \"Availability attack\",\n \"Authenticity attack\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 3,\n \"topic\": \"security\",\n \"quiz\": 2,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. Fabricating (forging) a login creates a false identity — this is an Authenticity attack because it involves impersonating someone or creating fake credentials.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Authenticity attack because fabricating a login means creating a false identity or credentials, which is an attack on authenticity.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2020\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q31\",\n \"question\": \"While a process is being executed which of the following is true?\",\n \"options\": [\n \"A process always occupies one contiguous block of physical memory\",\n \"Logical addresses are always equal to physical addresses\",\n \"The physical address of a process never changes during execution\",\n \"The logical addresses of the process in memory may be mapped to several different physical memory locations\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 3,\n \"topic\": \"virtual-memory\",\n \"quiz\": 1,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. With virtual memory, a process's logical address space is divided into pages that can be scattered across different physical memory frames — logical addresses do not correspond to a single contiguous physical location.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is that logical addresses may be mapped to several different physical memory locations, because virtual memory allows pages to be placed at non-contiguous physical addresses.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2020\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q32\",\n \"question\": \"If I am on a Unix system and have just formatted a disk, then which of the following is true?\",\n \"options\": [\n \"The disk is ready to store files with a full directory tree\",\n \"The disk contains an empty root directory with no files\",\n \"The disk has both a logical and physical structure set up\",\n \"There exists only a physical disk structure on my disk.\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 3,\n \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n \"quiz\": 1,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. Formatting creates the physical disk structure (tracks, sectors, blocks) but does not yet create a logical file system with directories and inodes — that requires a separate mkfs step.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is that only a physical disk structure exists because formatting prepares the physical layout of the disk but does not yet create a logical file system.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2020\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q33\",\n \"question\": \"A process is?\",\n \"options\": [\n \"A stored program on disk waiting to be run\",\n \"A section of code within a program\",\n \"A thread of execution within an application\",\n \"Any instance of a running program.\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 3,\n \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n \"quiz\": 1,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. A process is a running instance of a program — it includes the program code, its current activity (program counter, registers), and associated resources.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is any instance of a running program, because a process represents an active execution of a program, not just the static code on disk.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2020\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q34\",\n \"question\": \"I use a file system that will retrieve a file using an inode. How does the operating system know which block(s) to retrieve from the hard disk?\",\n \"options\": [\n \"By using contiguous allocation\",\n \"By using chained allocation\",\n \"By using a FAT (File Allocation Table)\",\n \"By using indexed allocation\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 3,\n \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n \"quiz\": 1,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. Inodes are the core of indexed allocation — each inode contains an index (array of pointers) to the disk blocks that make up the file.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is indexed allocation because an inode stores an index of direct and indirect pointers to the actual data blocks on disk.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2020\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q35\",\n \"question\": \"Which language straddles the border between a Batch/scripting language and an application level programming language?\",\n \"options\": [\n \"Bash\",\n \"Python\",\n \"JavaScript\",\n \"Perl\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 3,\n \"topic\": \"scripting\",\n \"quiz\": 1,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. Perl was designed as a practical extraction and report language that bridges scripting and full application development, offering the convenience of shell scripting with the power of a general-purpose language.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Perl because it is specifically known for occupying the boundary between scripting/batch languages and full application programming languages.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2020\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q36\",\n \"question\": \"Convert binary 0010001011111111 to decimal\",\n \"options\": [\n \"8959\",\n \"9215\",\n \"8703\",\n \"9471\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 0,\n \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n \"quiz\": 2,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. 0010001011111111 binary = 8192 + 512 + 128 + 64 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 8959.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 8959. Adding the positional values: 2^13 + 2^9 + 2^7 + 2^6 + 2^5 + 2^4 + 2^3 + 2^2 + 2^1 + 2^0 = 8192+512+128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1 = 8959.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2020\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q37\",\n \"question\": \"Binary files cannot be sent directly over SMTP because:\",\n \"options\": [\n \"SMTP compresses all data before sending, corrupting binary files\",\n \"Binary files are too large for the SMTP packet size limit\",\n \"SMTP requires digital signatures on all attachments\",\n \"The SMTP protocol does not support binary files (it is text-only)\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 3,\n \"topic\": \"networking\",\n \"quiz\": 2,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. SMTP was originally designed to transfer 7-bit ASCII text only. Binary files must be encoded (e.g. using Base64/MIME) to be transmitted over SMTP.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is that the SMTP protocol does not support binary files because SMTP is a text-based protocol that handles only 7-bit ASCII characters.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2020\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q38\",\n \"question\": \"Which is the most correct statement: In a scripting language such as Bash, commands are...\",\n \"options\": [\n \"compiled into machine code before execution\",\n \"interpreted into bytecode and run in a virtual machine\",\n \"converted into an intermediate language first\",\n \"executed just as if they had been typed on the command line\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 3,\n \"topic\": \"scripting\",\n \"quiz\": 1,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. Bash scripts run commands sequentially exactly as if a user had typed each command interactively at the shell prompt — there is no separate compilation step.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is executed just as if they had been typed on the command line because shell scripts simply automate command execution in the same environment as the interactive shell.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2020\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q39\",\n \"question\": \"A denial of service (DoS) attack is:\",\n \"options\": [\n \"An attack that modifies data to make it incorrect\",\n \"An attack that intercepts confidential information in transit\",\n \"An attack that forges the identity of a legitimate user\",\n \"A loss of service to users by consuming bandwidth and processor time\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 3,\n \"topic\": \"security\",\n \"quiz\": 2,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. A DoS attack floods a system with traffic or requests to consume its resources (bandwidth, CPU), making it unavailable to legitimate users.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is a loss of service to users by consuming bandwidth and processor time — DoS attacks target availability, not confidentiality or integrity.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2020\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q40\",\n \"question\": \"If I am referring to a CSS selector which has properties and values then I am most likely talking about a...\",\n \"options\": [\n \"Class selector only\",\n \"Element/tag selector only\",\n \"Id selector only\",\n \"You cannot tell — both class and id selectors can have properties and values\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 3,\n \"topic\": \"css\",\n \"quiz\": 1,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. Both class selectors (prefixed with .) and id selectors (prefixed with #) can have CSS properties and values — knowing that a selector has properties and values does not tell you which type it is.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is you cannot tell because both class and id selectors (as well as element selectors) can contain properties and values in CSS.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2020\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q41\",\n \"question\": \"Given this scenario: I write an email in Chinese characters to send to my friend in Australia. He tells me he received garbage characters. What most likely happened?\",\n \"options\": [\n \"The email server blocked non-English characters for security reasons\",\n \"The email was corrupted during SMTP transmission\",\n \"The email was sent as an attachment instead of inline text\",\n \"My email client sent the message in unicode, but my friend's email client only understood ASCII\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 3,\n \"topic\": \"networking\",\n \"quiz\": 2,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. When a character encoding mismatch occurs (e.g. sender uses UTF-8/Unicode for Chinese characters but receiver's client interprets it as ASCII), the result is garbled/garbage text.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is that the email was sent in unicode but the friend's client only understood ASCII — the character encoding mismatch causes the Chinese characters to appear as garbage.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2020\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q42\",\n \"question\": \"In HTML, how would I refer to an anchor called \\\"01\\\" within a html page called \\\"mypage.html\\\"?\",\n \"options\": [\n \"link to section 01 in mypage\",\n \"link to section 01 in mypage\",\n \"link to section 01 in mypage\",\n \"link to section 01 in mypage\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 3,\n \"topic\": \"html\",\n \"quiz\": 1,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. To link to a named anchor within a page you append a # followed by the anchor name to the URL: mypage.html#01.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is because the # character is used in URLs to reference a specific anchor (fragment) within a page.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2020\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q43\",\n \"question\": \"When data is stored on a tape drive, the allocation method used is:\",\n \"options\": [\n \"Indexed\",\n \"Chained\",\n \"Random\",\n \"Contiguous\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 3,\n \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n \"quiz\": 1,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. Tape drives are sequential-access media, so data must be stored contiguously — you cannot randomly jump to different parts of the tape like you can on a hard disk.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Contiguous allocation because tape drives are sequential access devices and require data to be stored in consecutive blocks.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2020\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q44\",\n \"question\": \"Which type of network best describes the Internet?\",\n \"options\": [\n \"A centralised communication network\",\n \"A peer-to-peer LAN network\",\n \"A private wide area network (WAN)\",\n \"A distributed communication network\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 3,\n \"topic\": \"networking\",\n \"quiz\": 2,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. The Internet is a distributed communication network — it has no central controlling node and is designed so that communication can be rerouted around failures.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is a distributed communication network because the Internet was intentionally designed without a central point of control, distributing routing across many interconnected nodes.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2020\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q45\",\n \"question\": \"An indexed file system has a file made up of 1000 blocks. Roughly how many times does the file system have to be accessed to find the 27th block?\",\n \"options\": [\n \"1\",\n \"27\",\n \"2\",\n \"3\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 3,\n \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n \"quiz\": 1,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. In an indexed file system (inode-based), finding a block typically requires accessing the inode, then potentially one or two levels of indirect block pointers — roughly O(log n) or about 3 accesses for typical inode structures.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is approximately 3 accesses — you read the inode, then any indirect block pointers, then the actual data block, giving roughly O(1) to O(3) access depth.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2020\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q46\",\n \"question\": \"Convert binary 0010100011011001 to decimal\",\n \"options\": [\n \"10713\",\n \"10201\",\n \"10457\",\n \"10969\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 2,\n \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n \"quiz\": 2,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. 0010100011011001 = 8192 + 2048 + 128 + 64 + 16 + 8 + 1 = 10457.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 10457. Adding up the set bits: 2^13 + 2^11 + 2^7 + 2^6 + 2^4 + 2^3 + 2^0 = 8192+2048+128+64+16+8+1 = 10457.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2020\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q47\",\n \"question\": \"If I connect to a system over port 25 what am I most likely doing?\",\n \"options\": [\n \"Retrieving email (IMAP)\",\n \"Transferring files (FTP)\",\n \"Retrieving a webpage (HTTP)\",\n \"Sending an email\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 3,\n \"topic\": \"networking\",\n \"quiz\": 2,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. Port 25 is used by SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) for sending/transferring email between mail servers.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Sending an email because port 25 is the standard SMTP port used to send outgoing mail.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2020\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q48\",\n \"question\": \"If I connect to a system over port 80 what am I most likely doing?\",\n \"options\": [\n \"Sending email (SMTP)\",\n \"Remotely logging in (SSH)\",\n \"Retrieving email (POP3)\",\n \"Retrieving a webpage from that system\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 3,\n \"topic\": \"networking\",\n \"quiz\": 2,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. Port 80 is the default port for HTTP, used by web browsers to retrieve web pages from a web server.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is Retrieving a webpage from that system because port 80 is reserved for HTTP web traffic.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2020\n }\n]","deleted","label",[179,180,163],"valtown","chunks","permalink","https://www.val.town/x/cookiemonster0921/webSystemsQuiz2/code/valtown/chunks/2020_p02.json","extension","json","actionData","errors"]