Gets a Distinction you need a mark >85 and ≥C & meet all the requirements
\",\n \"options\": [\n \"None of these answers\",\n \"To get a Distinction you need a mark >85 and ≥C & meet all the requirements\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 1,\n \"topic\": \"html\",\n \"quiz\": 1,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. The browser renders the paragraph text as-is, displaying the content between the
tags including the conditions for a Distinction.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is: To get a Distinction you need a mark >85 and ≥C & meet all the requirements. The
tag simply wraps the text into a paragraph block.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2017\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q5\",\n \"question\": \"What is the best tag for pre-formatted text?\",\n \"options\": [\n \"
\",\n      \"\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The 
 (preformatted) tag preserves whitespace, line breaks, and spacing exactly as written in the HTML source, making it ideal for code or ASCII art.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is . Unlike , the 
 element preserves all whitespace and formatting from the source text.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q6\",\n    \"question\": \"What does the kernel do in an operating system?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Manages the services\",\n      \"controls the hardware directly\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The kernel is the core of the OS that directly manages hardware resources — CPU scheduling, memory management, device drivers, and system calls.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is: controls the hardware directly. The kernel operates at the lowest software level, interfacing directly with hardware on behalf of higher-level processes.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q7\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following statements is true?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Formatting is an operation that creates a disk structure on a file systems\",\n      \"A 'cylinder' on a hard disk is a collection of tracks on all platters which are horizontally in the same position\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A cylinder is the set of tracks at the same radial position across all platters in a hard disk — since the read/write heads move together, all these tracks can be accessed without moving the heads.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is: A 'cylinder' on a hard disk is a collection of tracks on all platters which are horizontally in the same position. Cylinders are used to optimise disk access by grouping vertically aligned tracks.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q8\",\n    \"question\": \"What is the smallest unit of data to transfer to or from a disk?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A signal block\",\n      \"A logical block\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Disk I/O operates at the block level — data is always read or written in fixed-size logical blocks (also called sectors), not individual bytes.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is A logical block. The disk controller transfers data in units of logical blocks; individual bytes cannot be directly addressed on disk.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following is an advantage of using Graphical User Interfaces (GUI)?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"They require less memory than command-line interfaces\",\n      \"They are more intuitive to use\",\n      \"They are faster to operate for expert users\",\n      \"They use fewer system resources\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. GUIs present visual elements like windows, icons and menus that map to real-world metaphors, making them easier to learn and use without memorising commands.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 'They are more intuitive to use' because GUIs use visual elements and real-world metaphors (desktop, folders, drag-and-drop) that reduce the learning curve compared to text-based interfaces.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q2\",\n    \"question\": \"How does public key encryption work?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Sender encrypts data with senders private key, receiver decrypts with senders public key\",\n      \"Sender encrypts data with senders public key, receiver decrypts with senders private key\",\n      \"Sender encrypts data with receivers public key, receiver decrypts with their private key\",\n      \"Sender encrypts data with receivers private key, receiver decrypts with their public key\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. In public key (asymmetric) encryption the sender uses the recipient's public key to encrypt — only the recipient's matching private key can decrypt it, ensuring only the intended recipient can read the message.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 'Sender encrypts data with receivers public key, receiver decrypts with their private key' because the public key is freely shared for encryption while the private key, kept secret by the owner, is the only key that can decrypt.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q3\",\n    \"question\": \"Which is the correct process for Non-Repudiation?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A. Sender Checksum (or Hash) the data; Sender encrypts the checksum/hashcode + sender details with the receivers public key; Receiver checksum/hashcode's the data; Receiver decrypts the checksum/hashcode + sender details with the senders private key; If the code does not match, the data has been tampered with\",\n      \"B. Sender Checksum (or Hash) the data; Receiver encrypts the checksum/hashcode + sender details with the senders private key; Sender checksum/hashcode's the data; Sender decrypts the checksum/hashcode + sender details with the senders public key; If the code does not match, the data has been tampered with\",\n      \"C. Sender Checksum (or Hash) the data; Sender encrypts the checksum/hashcode + sender details with the receivers private key; Receiver checksum/hashcode's the data; Receiver decrypts the checksum/hashcode + sender details with the receivers public key; If the code does not match, the data has been tampered with\",\n      \"D. Sender Checksum (or Hash) the data; Sender encrypts the checksum/hashcode + sender details with the senders private key; Receiver checksum/hashcode's the data; Receiver decrypts the checksum/hashcode + sender details with the senders public key; If the code does not match, the data has been tampered with\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"security\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Non-repudiation uses a digital signature: the sender hashes the data and encrypts that hash with their own private key. The receiver decrypts using the sender's public key — if the hashes match, the sender cannot deny sending it.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is D because Non-Repudiation requires the sender to sign with their own private key (not the receiver's public key). The receiver verifies using the sender's public key, proving authorship.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q4\",\n    \"question\": \"How would an index allocation based file system increase the size of a file when the addresses of its data blocks in the inode are all full?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Replace a data block with an address of an indirect block which in turns points to the address of data or more address blocks.\",\n      \"Use an indirect block to point to the address of data or more address blocks.\",\n      \"Allocate a new inode and link it to the existing inode.\",\n      \"Extend the inode table to accommodate more direct block pointers.\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. When all direct block pointers in an inode are used, the file system uses an indirect block — a special block that itself contains pointers to data blocks — allowing the file to grow beyond the limit of direct pointers.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 'Use an indirect block to point to the address of data or more address blocks' because indirect blocks extend addressable space by adding an extra level of pointer indirection, without replacing existing data blocks.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q5\",\n    \"question\": \"What is the difference between a file manager and a file system?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"A file manager manages data storage and access, while a file system can manipulate file names/directories\",\n      \"A file manager can manipulate file names/directories, while a file system manages data storage and access\",\n      \"A file manager and a file system perform the same functions\",\n      \"A file manager operates at the hardware level, while a file system operates at the user level\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. A file manager is the user-facing component that handles naming, organising and navigating directories, while the file system is the lower-level component responsible for how data is physically stored and retrieved on disk.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 'A file manager can manipulate file names/directories, while a file system manages data storage and access' because these are two distinct layers: the file manager handles the logical view (names/folders) and the file system handles the physical storage.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q1\",\n    \"question\": \"Where does the doctype go on a web page?\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"Inside the  tag\",\n      \"At the end of the HTML document\",\n      \"Above the  tag\",\n      \"Inside the  tag\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The DOCTYPE declaration must appear at the very top of an HTML document, before the  tag, so the browser knows which version of HTML to use when parsing the page.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 'Above the  tag' because the DOCTYPE is not an HTML element — it is an instruction to the browser and must be the very first line of the document, before any HTML tags.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2017\n  }\n]","deleted","label",[179,180,163],"valtown","chunks","permalink","https://www.val.town/x/cookiemonster0921/webSystemsQuiz2/code/valtown/chunks/2017_p08.json","extension","json","actionData","errors"]