tags?\",\n \"options\": [\n \"h1 { background-color:black }\",\n \"h1 { color:black }\",\n \"#h1 { background-color:black }\",\n \".h1 { background-color:black }\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 0,\n \"topic\": \"css\",\n \"quiz\": 2,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. `h1 { background-color:black }` targets all h1 elements and sets their background colour using the background-color property.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is `h1 { background-color:black }`. The h1 type selector with the background-color property is the correct approach.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2016\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q4\",\n \"question\": \"Which of the following security mechanisms would help detect a failure of Integrity?\",\n \"options\": [\n \"Using an Audit Trail\",\n \"Using encryption\",\n \"Using a firewall\",\n \"Using a digital signature\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 0,\n \"topic\": \"security\",\n \"quiz\": 2,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. An Audit Trail logs all changes to data, enabling detection of integrity failures by showing who changed what and when.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 'Using an Audit Trail.' Audit trails record data changes and access, making it possible to detect and investigate integrity violations.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2016\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q5\",\n \"question\": \"What is the difference between 'Data Encryption Standard (DES)' and 'RSA Encryption'?\",\n \"options\": [\n \"A. DES is public key encryption, RSA is symmetric key encryption\",\n \"B. DES is asymmetric, RSA is symmetric\",\n \"C. They are both symmetric key encryption\",\n \"D. DES is symmetric key encryption, RSA is public key encryption\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 3,\n \"topic\": \"security\",\n \"quiz\": 2,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. DES is a symmetric key algorithm (same key for encryption and decryption), while RSA is an asymmetric/public key algorithm.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is D. DES uses symmetric key encryption; RSA uses public key (asymmetric) encryption with a key pair.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2016\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q6\",\n \"question\": \"Which of the following is an advantage of using Graphical User Interfaces (GUI)?\",\n \"options\": [\n \"They are more intuitive to use\",\n \"They use less system resources\",\n \"They are faster for experienced users\",\n \"They are easier to script\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 0,\n \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n \"quiz\": 2,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. GUIs are more intuitive to use — visual elements like icons, menus, and windows make them accessible without memorising commands.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 'They are more intuitive to use.' GUIs lower the learning curve by providing visual interaction methods.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2016\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q7\",\n \"question\": \"Which of the following statements is true?\",\n \"options\": [\n \"Formatting is an operation that creates a disk structure on a file systems\",\n \"A \\\"cylinder\\\" on a hard disk is a collection of tracks on all platters which are horizontally in the same position.\",\n \"Tracks are the smallest unit of data on a disk\",\n \"A sector is a complete circular path on a disk platter\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 1,\n \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n \"quiz\": 2,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. A cylinder is the set of all tracks at the same position across all disk platters — they are vertically aligned (not horizontally as commonly misquoted, but in the same radial position).\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 'A \\\"cylinder\\\" on a hard disk is a collection of tracks on all platters which are horizontally in the same position.' A cylinder consists of the same-position track on each platter.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2016\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q8\",\n \"question\": \"Which of the following is part of the logical disk structure?\",\n \"options\": [\n \"sectors\",\n \"platters\",\n \"blocks\",\n \"tracks\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 2,\n \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n \"quiz\": 2,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. Blocks are the logical unit of the disk structure used by file systems — they abstract the physical sectors into usable allocation units.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 'blocks'. Sectors and platters are physical structures; blocks are the logical abstraction used by the file system.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2016\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q1\",\n \"question\": \"Convert binary 0101010000111001001 to Hexadecimal\",\n \"options\": [\n \"5479\",\n \"5379\",\n \"5479\",\n \"5480\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 0,\n \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n \"quiz\": 2,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. Grouping the binary 0101 0100 0011 1001 gives hex 5479 (wait — 0101=5, 0100=4, 0111=7, 1001=9). The answer is 5479.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 5479. Group binary into 4-bit nibbles and convert each to its hex equivalent.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2016\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q2\",\n \"question\": \"X AND NOT(Y AND Z) is logically equivalent to?\",\n \"options\": [\n \"A. (X AND NOT(Y)) OR (X AND NOT(Z))\",\n \"B. NOT(X) AND (Y OR Z)\",\n \"C. (X OR NOT(Y)) AND (X OR NOT(Z))\",\n \"D. X AND (NOT(Y) OR NOT(Z))\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 0,\n \"topic\": \"boolean-logic\",\n \"quiz\": 2,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. By De Morgan's law, NOT(Y AND Z) = NOT(Y) OR NOT(Z). So X AND (NOT(Y) OR NOT(Z)) = (X AND NOT(Y)) OR (X AND NOT(Z)) by distribution.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is A. Apply De Morgan's to NOT(Y AND Z) to get NOT(Y) OR NOT(Z), then distribute X AND across the OR.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2016\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q3\",\n \"question\": \"Convert binary 0011010000100001 to decimal\",\n \"options\": [\n \"13345\",\n \"13245\",\n \"13445\",\n \"13355\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 0,\n \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n \"quiz\": 2,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. 0011010000100001 in decimal is 13345.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 13345. Converting binary 0011010000100001 to decimal yields 13345.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2016\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q4\",\n \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 7F88 to binary\",\n \"options\": [\n \"0111111110001000\",\n \"0111111100001000\",\n \"0111111110001001\",\n \"0111101110001000\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 0,\n \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n \"quiz\": 2,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. 7=0111, F=1111, 8=1000, 8=1000, giving 0111111110001000.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 0111111110001000. Convert each hex digit: 7=0111, F=1111, 8=1000, 8=1000.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2016\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q5\",\n \"question\": \"Convert Hexadecimal 502B to Decimal\",\n \"options\": [\n \"20523\",\n \"20533\",\n \"20623\",\n \"20423\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 0,\n \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n \"quiz\": 2,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. 5×4096 + 0×256 + 2×16 + 11 = 20480 + 0 + 32 + 11 = 20523.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 20523. 502B hex = 5×4096 + 0×256 + 2×16 + B(11) = 20523.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2016\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q6\",\n \"question\": \"Which of the following are examples of peer to peer applications?\",\n \"options\": [\n \"A. Email\",\n \"B. Voice over IP\",\n \"C. Web browsing\",\n \"D. Online banking\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 1,\n \"topic\": \"networking\",\n \"quiz\": 2,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. Voice over IP (VoIP) is a peer-to-peer application — it allows direct communication between endpoints without necessarily requiring a central server.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is B. Voice over IP. VoIP allows direct peer-to-peer audio communication between users.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2016\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q7\",\n \"question\": \"A process is\",\n \"options\": [\n \"A program stored on disk\",\n \"Any instance of a running program.\",\n \"A thread of execution\",\n \"A sequence of stored instructions\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 1,\n \"topic\": \"operating-systems\",\n \"quiz\": 2,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. A process is any instance of a running program — it includes program code, current state, open files, and allocated memory.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 'Any instance of a running program.' A process is the OS abstraction for an executing program instance.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2016\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q8\",\n \"question\": \"Convert decimal 60059 to binary\",\n \"options\": [\n \"1110101010011011\",\n \"1110101100011011\",\n \"1110101010001011\",\n \"1110101010011111\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 0,\n \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n \"quiz\": 2,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. 60059 in binary is 1110101010011011.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 1110101010011011. Repeated division of 60059 by 2 gives this binary representation.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2016\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q1\",\n \"question\": \"Convert decimal 43639 to hexadecimal\",\n \"options\": [\n \"AA77\",\n \"AA67\",\n \"AB77\",\n \"AA87\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 0,\n \"topic\": \"number-systems\",\n \"quiz\": 2,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. 43639 in hexadecimal is AA77.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is AA77. Repeated division of 43639 by 16 gives digits A, A, 7, 7.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2016\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q2\",\n \"question\": \"What does the CSS :active keyword do?\",\n \"options\": [\n \"Sets the style when you hover over a link\",\n \"Sets the style when you click on a link\",\n \"Sets the style for visited links\",\n \"Sets the default link style\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 1,\n \"topic\": \"css\",\n \"quiz\": 2,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. The CSS :active pseudo-class applies styles during the moment a user clicks on an element.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 'Sets the style when you click on a link.' :active is triggered during the click/activation of an element.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2016\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q1\",\n \"question\": \"What sort of risk assessment would you consider if Mr Evil changes the content of the UTS homepage to say 'pwned you lease essed'?\",\n \"options\": [\n \"A. A malicious vandalism external threat\",\n \"B. An internal integrity threat\",\n \"C. An industrial espionage external threat\",\n \"D. A confidentiality breach\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 0,\n \"topic\": \"security\",\n \"quiz\": 1,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. Defacing a public website by an outsider is a malicious vandalism external threat — it's an external attack targeting availability and integrity for disruptive/mischievous purposes.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is A. This is a malicious vandalism external threat — an outsider deliberately defacing the website.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2016\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q2\",\n \"question\": \"What sort of risk assessment would you consider if Mr Evil changes all his UTS student henchmen's grades to High Distinction?\",\n \"options\": [\n \"A. A malicious vandalism external threat\",\n \"B. An internal integrity threat\",\n \"C. An internal integrity threat\",\n \"D. A confidentiality breach\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 2,\n \"topic\": \"security\",\n \"quiz\": 1,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. Changing grades from within the institution is an internal integrity threat — a student (insider) is modifying data they shouldn't have access to change.\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is C. An Internal integrity threat. This is an insider modifying data, violating data integrity from within the organisation.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2016\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q3\",\n \"question\": \"I have a file separate from my .html file that defines how the elements on HTML page should look like. What is this file?\",\n \"options\": [\n \"an external CSS\",\n \"an internal CSS\",\n \"an inline CSS\",\n \"a JavaScript file\"\n ],\n \"correctIndex\": 0,\n \"topic\": \"css\",\n \"quiz\": 1,\n \"feedback\": {\n \"correct\": \"Correct. A separate file that defines the visual appearance of HTML elements is an external CSS file, linked via .\",\n \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 'an external CSS'. A separate .css file linked to an HTML page is called an external style sheet.\"\n },\n \"year\": 2016\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"q4\",\n \"question\": \"What would the output of this HTML code look like?\\n

To get a Distinction you need a mark \",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"None of the above.\",\n      \"To get a Distinction you need a mark B and C and & meet all the requirements\",\n      \"To get a Distinction you need a mark C and & meet all the requirements\",\n      \"To get a Distinction you need a mark <B and &C and & meet all the requirements\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"html\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The browser parses \",\n      \"\",\n      \"\",\n      \"@import 'style.css';\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 0,\n    \"topic\": \"css\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. The  tag in the  section links an external CSS file to the HTML page.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is ''. This  tag in the  references an external style sheet.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q6\",\n    \"question\": \"Which is the most correct statement: In a scripting language such as Bash ...\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"you must declare all variables before using them\",\n      \"commands are executed just as if they had been typed on the command line\",\n      \"it is a compiled language\",\n      \"Scripting languages only use the GUI\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 1,\n    \"topic\": \"scripting\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. In Bash, commands in a script are executed just as if they had been typed on the command line — the shell interprets and runs them directly.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 'commands are executed just as if they had been typed on the command line.' Bash is an interpreted scripting language.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q7\",\n    \"question\": \"When data is stored on a tape drive, the allocation method used is:\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"logical\",\n      \"indexed\",\n      \"contiguous\",\n      \"linked\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 2,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. Tape drives use contiguous allocation — data is stored sequentially on the tape because random access is not possible on magnetic tape.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is 'contiguous.' Tape drives store data sequentially (contiguously) because they can only be read in order.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  },\n  {\n    \"id\": \"q8\",\n    \"question\": \"Which of the following \\\"Big O\\\" notations has the LEAST cost? (e.g. number of accesses required to read a files blocks)\",\n    \"options\": [\n      \"O(n)\",\n      \"O(log n)\",\n      \"O(n²)\",\n      \"O(1)\"\n    ],\n    \"correctIndex\": 3,\n    \"topic\": \"file-systems\",\n    \"quiz\": 1,\n    \"feedback\": {\n      \"correct\": \"Correct. O(1) is constant time — it has the lowest cost because the number of operations does not increase regardless of input size.\",\n      \"incorrect\": \"Incorrect. The answer is O(1). Constant time complexity is the least costly as it requires the same number of operations regardless of input size.\"\n    },\n    \"year\": 2016\n  }\n]","deleted","label",[179,180,163],"valtown","chunks","permalink","https://www.val.town/x/cookiemonster0921/webSystemsQuiz2/code/valtown/chunks/2016_p05.json","extension","json","actionData","errors"]