Labor Share of GDP: Historical Trends, Future Projections, and the Rise and Decline of the Horse Industry

The labor share of GDP—the proportion of national income allocated to workers through wages, salaries, and benefits—has undergone significant shifts over the past century. Concurrently, historical industries like the horse economy once dominated economic activity before being displaced by technological advances. This report examines labor’s evolving role in GDP, projects its trajectory amid artificial intelligence (AI) adoption, and analyzes the horse industry’s economic rise and decline as a case study in technological disruption.

In the early 20th century, labor’s share of GDP in advanced economies remained relatively stable, reflecting the dominance of labor-intensive industries like agriculture and manufacturing. In the United States, the labor share hovered around 70–72% of GDP in 1915, supported by strong unionization, limited automation, and a workforce concentrated in manual and semi-skilled roles[6][12]. This period coincided with the horse industry’s peak, where horses represented 5–10% of U.S. GDP due to their critical role in transportation, agriculture, and logistics¹.

The labor share began declining in the mid-20th century, driven by technological advancements and globalization. By 1947, the U.S. labor share stood at 65.8%, falling to 58.4% by 2016[12]. Key factors included:

1. Automation: The rise of machinery reduced demand for manual labor in manufacturing and agriculture.
2. Globalization: Offshoring shifted labor-intensive jobs to lower-wage countries.
3. Capital Intensity: Firms increasingly invested in intellectual property, software, and equipment, boosting capital’s share of income[1][8].

By 2014, the labor share across 35 advanced economies had fallen to 50.5%, down from 54% in 1980[1]. In the U.S., the decline was starkest in sectors like manufacturing, where automation and trade policies eroded wages[8][12].

Generative AI is poised to reshape labor markets by automating cognitive tasks while creating new roles. Estimates suggest:

• Job Displacement: Up to 300 million jobs globally could be automated by generative AI, particularly in administrative, legal, and customer service roles[9][14].
• Productivity Gains: AI may boost global GDP by 7% ($7 trillion) over a decade, driven by efficiency improvements in healthcare, education, and creative industries[9][14].
• Labor Share Trajectory: Historical parallels, such as the decline of the horse industry, suggest that AI could reduce labor’s share further. Studies predict a 0.6–1.6% decline in labor share for every doubling of AI adoption in European regions[13].

• High-Risk Sectors: Structured cognitive roles (e.g., data entry, paralegal work) face the highest automation risk, with labor demand declining by 17% in exposed occupations[7].
• Augmentation Opportunities: Jobs requiring human-AI collaboration, such as healthcare diagnostics and software development, could see 22% growth in labor demand[7].

To mitigate inequality, economists propose:

• Tax Reforms: Raising capital taxes to 27% (vs. 18% for labor) to disincentivize excessive automation[2].
• Reskilling Programs: Prioritizing education in AI-augmented fields like robotics maintenance and ethical AI governance[9][14].
• Wage Supplements: Expanding earned-income tax credits to offset wage stagnation in automated sectors[8].

At its 1915 peak, the U.S. horse industry supported 28.5 million horses and mules, contributing 5–10% of GDP¹. Key drivers included:

• Agricultural Reliance: Over 20 million horses powered plows, harvesters, and transportation networks, enabling the expansion of commercial farming¹.
• Urbanization: Horse-drawn omnibuses and railways facilitated city growth, with New York’s transit system moving 120,000 daily passengers by 1853¹.
• Employment: The industry supported 1.74 million jobs in 2023 terms, including stable hands, veterinarians, and feed producers¹.

The advent of automobiles and tractors precipitated the industry’s collapse:

• Population Collapse: The U.S. horse population fell to 25.2 million by 1920 and 7.2 million by 2023¹.
• Economic Shift: Labor and capital migrated to manufacturing, reducing agriculture’s GDP share from 11% in 1915 to 1.3% today¹.
• Lessons for AI: Like AI, automotive technology created winners (mechanics, oil workers) and losers (blacksmiths, stable owners), underscoring the need for adaptive policies.

The labor share of GDP faces continued pressure from AI-driven automation, echoing the horse industry’s displacement by internal combustion engines. However, historical precedents suggest that proactive policies—tax reforms, reskilling, and wage supports—can mitigate inequality while harnessing AI’s productivity gains. As with the transition from horse power to mechanization, the AI era will redefine work, demanding a balance between technological progress and equitable income distribution.

Citations: [1] https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/employment-and-growth/a-new-look-at-the-declining-labor-share-of-income-in-the-united-states [2] https://www.chicagobooth.edu/review/ai-is-going-disrupt-labor-market-it-doesnt-have-destroy-it [3] https://mitsloan.mit.edu/ideas-made-to-matter/a-new-look-economics-ai [4] https://www.avma.org/javma-news/2014-08-15/horse-industry-working-comeback-strategy [5] https://www.goldmansachs.com/insights/articles/AI-is-showing-very-positive-signs-of-boosting-gdp [6] https://tradingeconomics.com/united-states/share-of-labour-compensation-in-gdp-at-current-national-prices-for-united-states-fed-data.html [7] https://www.hbs.edu/ris/download.aspx?name=25-039.pdf [8] https://conversableeconomist.com/2024/05/21/declining-labor-share-measurement-and-causes/ [9] https://www.gspublishing.com/content/research/en/reports/2023/03/27/d64e052b-0f6e-45d7-967b-d7be35fabd16.html [10] https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/issues/artificial-intelligence/publications/artificial-intelligence-study.html [11] https://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS52600524 [12] https://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2017/labor-share-of-output-has-declined-since-1947.htm [13] https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4971431 [14] https://www.goldmansachs.com/insights/articles/generative-ai-could-raise-global-gdp-by-7-percent [15] https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/labor-share-of-gdp [16] https://taxfoundation.org/blog/labor-share-net-income-within-historical-range/ [17] https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2017/article/estimating-the-us-labor-share.htm [18] https://pspaonline.com/resources/meetings/12-01-11/ [19] https://www.kansascityfed.org/research/economic-bulletin/trends-labor-share-post-2018/ [20] https://www.goldmansachs.com/insights/articles/generative-ai-could-raise-global-gdp-by-7-percent [21] https://corporate.vanguard.com/content/corporatesite/us/en/corp/articles/ai-impact-productivity-and-workforce.html [22] https://www.stcmuseum.org/history-news/2023/3/6/decline-of-farming-rise-of-industry [23] https://fred.stlouisfed.org/graph/?g=yYpc [24] https://www.goldmansachs.com/insights/articles/AI-is-showing-very-positive-signs-of-boosting-gdp [25] https://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2025/ai-impacts-in-bls-employment-projections.htm [26] https://iase-web.org/islp/documents/posters2017/1_Finland_Poster.pdf [27] https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/issues/artificial-intelligence/publications/artificial-intelligence-study.html [28] https://privatebank.jpmorgan.com/nam/en/insights/markets-and-investing/ideas-and-insights/how-ai-can-boost-productivity-and-jump-start-growth [29] https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2024/01/14/ai-will-transform-the-global-economy-lets-make-sure-it-benefits-humanity [30] https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/2013b_elsby_labor_share.pdf [31] https://www.philadelphiafed.org/-/media/frbp/assets/economy/articles/economic-insights/2024/q1/eiq124-generative-ai-a-turning-point-for-labors-share.pdf [32] https://institute.global/insights/economic-prosperity/the-impact-of-ai-on-the-labour-market [33] https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/employment-and-growth/a-new-look-at-the-declining-labor-share-of-income-in-the-united-states [34] https://www.philadelphiafed.org/the-economy/generative-ai-a-turning-point-for-labors-share [35] https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/mckinsey-digital/our-insights/the-economic-potential-of-generative-ai-the-next-productivity-frontier [36] https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/LABSHPUSA156NRUG [37] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1544612324017033 [38] https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2025/article/incorporating-ai-impacts-in-bls-employment-projections.htm

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